Application of a validated prognostic plasma protein biomarker test for renal decline in type 2 diabetes to type 1 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Background: There are scant data relating to prognostic biomarkers for chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicating type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the plasma protein biomarker-based PromarkerD test developed and validated for predicting renal decline in type 2 diabetes in the context of type 1 diabetes.

Methods: The baseline PromarkerD test score was determined in 91 community-based individuals (mean age 46.

Use of a type 1 genetic risk score for classification of diabetes type in young Australian adults: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

The applicability of a UK-validated genetic risk score (GRS) was assessed in 158 participants in the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II diagnosed between 20 and <40 years of age with type 1 or type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). For type 1 versus type 2/LADA, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was highest for serum C-peptide (0.93) and lowest for the GRS (0.

Serum vitamin B12, distal symmetrical polyneuropathy and anaemia in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 2.

Background: There are limited data relating to the effects of metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency on the risk of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) and megaloblastic anaemia in well-characterised community-based cohorts.

Aims: To assess inter-relationships between metformin therapy, vitamin B12 deficiency assessed using serum active B12 concentrations, and DSPN and anaemia in 1492 Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 2 (FDS2) participants with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Prevalence rates of vitamin B12 deficiency (total <80 pmol/L, active <23 pmol/L) and borderline deficiency (total ≥80 and ≤200 pmol/L, active ≥23 and ≤35 pmol/L) were determined using baseline sera.

Canagliflozin Attenuates PromarkerD Diabetic Kidney Disease Risk Prediction Scores.

PromarkerD is a biomarker-based blood test that predicts kidney function decline in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who may otherwise be missed by current standard of care tests. This study examined the association between canagliflozin and change in PromarkerD score (Δ score) over a three-year period in T2D participants in the CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS). PromarkerD scores were measured at baseline and Year 3 in 2008 participants with preserved kidney function (baseline eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.

The relationship between thyroid dysfunction, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Aims: It is uncertain whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether undetected thyroid disease increases the risk of incident CVD and death in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: One thousand two hundred fifty participants with type 2 diabetes (mean age 65.

Evaluation of the clinical utility of the PromarkerD in-vitro test in predicting diabetic kidney disease and rapid renal decline through a conjoint analysis.

Background: Early identification of patients at risk of developing diabetic kidney disease or rapid renal decline is imperative for appropriate patient management, but traditional methods of predicting renal decline are limited.

Objective: This study evaluated the impact of PromarkerD, a biomarker-based blood test predicting the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and rapid renal decline.

Methods: Conjoint analysis clarified the importance of PromarkerD and other patient attributes to physician decisions for type 2 diabetes patients.

Changes in the Epidemiology of Hepatobiliary Disease Complicating Type 2 Diabetes over 25 Years: The Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Objective: To determine whether the incidence/outcome of hepatobiliary disease (HBD) has increased over recent decades in community-based Australians with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: Longitudinal data from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I (FDS1; recruitment 1993-1996; = 1291 with T2D) and Phase II (FDS2; 2008-2011; = 1509) were analyzed. Participants with T2D from both Phases were age-, sex-, and postcode-matched 1:4 to people without diabetes.

PromarkerD Predicts Renal Function Decline in Type 2 Diabetes in the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS).

The ability of current tests to predict chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicating diabetes is limited. This study investigated the prognostic utility of a novel blood test, PromarkerD, for predicting future renal function decline in individuals with type 2 diabetes from the CANagliflozin CardioVascular Assessment Study (CANVAS). PromarkerD scores were measured at baseline in 3568 CANVAS participants ( = 1195 placebo arm, = 2373 canagliflozin arm) and used to predict incident CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.

Prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Objective: Since the results of published studies assessing thyroid dysfunction complicating diabetes have been variable in quality, inconsistent and may not reflect contemporary clinical care, the aim of this study was to determine its prevalence and incidence in a large, well-characterized, representative cohort.

Design: Community-based, longitudinal, observational study.

Patients: A total of 1617 participants from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2), including 130 (8.

Validation of a protein biomarker test for predicting renal decline in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Aims: To validate the prognostic utility of a novel plasma biomarker panel, PromarkerD, for predicting renal decline in an independent cohort of people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Models for predicting rapid estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline defined as i) incident diabetic kidney disease (DKD), ii) eGFR decline ≥30% over four years, and iii) annual eGFR decline ≥5 mL/min/1.73 m were applied to 447 participants from the longitudinal observational Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

The relationship between circulating adiponectin, ADIPOQ variants and incident cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Aims: To investigate the relationship between serum adiponectin, ADIPOQ variants and haplotypes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: Baseline data including serum total adiponectin and 21 ADIPOQ polymorphisms were available for 1076 participants (mean age 64.0 years, 49.

Prevalence of diabetes in Australia: insights from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Background: Accurate diabetes prevalence estimates are important for health service planning and prioritisation. Available data have limitations, suggesting that the contemporary burden of diabetes in Australia is best assessed from multiple sources.

Aims: To use systematic active detection of diabetes cases in a postcode-defined urban area through the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2) to complement other epidemiological and survey data in estimating the national prevalence of diabetes and its types.

Identification of Novel Circulating Biomarkers Predicting Rapid Decline in Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Objective: To assess the ability of plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV (apoA4), apo C-III, CD5 antigen-like (CD5L), complement C1q subcomponent subunit B (C1QB), complement factor H-related protein 2, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IBP3) to predict rapid decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Mass spectrometry was used to measure baseline biomarkers in 345 community-based patients (mean age 67.0 years, 51.

Plasma Amyloid-β Peptides in Type 2 Diabetes: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Background: Plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) levels have rarely been investigated in type 2 diabetes despite its known associations with Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: To compare blood plasma Aβ concentrations (Aβ40 and Aβ42) in cognitively normal individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 were measured in 194 participants with diabetes recruited from the community-based Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II cohort (mean age 71 years, 59% males) and 194 age-, sex-, and APOEɛ4 allele-matched, control subjects without diabetes from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study using a multiplex microsphere-based immunoassay.

Serum bicarbonate concentration and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Background: Serum bicarbonate is associated with mortality, heart failure (HF) and progression of renal failure in studies of healthy people and patients with chronic kidney disease, but the significance of these observations in unselected patients with diabetes in the general population is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum bicarbonate was associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Baseline serum bicarbonate was available for 1283 well-characterized community-based patients (mean ± SD age 64.

Prevalence and prognosis of a low serum testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Background: Because published studies have usually involved imprecise assays and selected patients with limited additional data and follow-up, the consequences of a low serum testosterone in diabetes are unclear. This study assessed the prevalence, associates and prognosis of a low testosterone in community-dwelling men with type 2 diabetes.

Design: Longitudinal observational study.

Lifetime depression history and depression risk in type 2 diabetes: A case-control study.

Aims: To assess whether a personal history of depression assists in risk prediction for depression in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Age- and sex-matched participants with and without diabetes from the Busselton Health Survey were assessed for current and previous depression using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Brief Lifetime Depression Scale (BLDS). In the diabetic participants, the temporal relationship between first depression episode and diabetes onset was also explored.

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on sexual function and serum testosterone in males with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea.

Objective: There have been no studies of the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on erectile dysfunction (ED) and serum testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a patient group at increased risk of ED and hypogonadism. The aim of this study was to determine whether CPAP improves sexual and gonadal function in males with type 2 diabetes and a pre-CPAP apnoea-hypopnoea index >15/h.

Design: Substudy of a trial assessing the effect of 3 months of CPAP on cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.

The relationship between hypomagnesemia, metformin therapy and cardiovascular disease complicating type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Background: Low serum magnesium concentrations have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk and outcomes in some general population studies but there are no equivalent studies in diabetes. Metformin may have cardiovascular benefits beyond blood glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes but its association with hypomagnesemia appears paradoxical. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between metformin therapy, magnesium homoeostasis and cardiovascular disease in well-characterized type 2 patients from the community.

A comprehensive investigation of variants in genes encoding adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and its receptors (ADIPOR1/R2), and their association with serum adiponectin, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.

Background: Low levels of serum adiponectin have been linked to central obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Variants in ADIPOQ, the gene encoding adiponectin, have been shown to influence serum adiponectin concentration, and along with variants in the adiponectin receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) have been implicated in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the association of common variants in ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 with serum adiponectin and insulin resistance syndromes in a large cohort of European-Australian individuals.

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea.

Context: Few prospective intervention studies have examined the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in diabetes.

Objective: Our objective was to determine whether CPAP improves CVD risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Design And Setting: This was a randomized parallel group intervention trial in an urban Australian community.

Prevalence, incidence, and prognosis of hepatobiliary disease in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Context: Few studies have examined morbidity and mortality associated with hepatobiliary disease in diabetes. Most have used administrative databases and/or have had limited/incomplete data including recognized risk factors for hepatobiliary disease.

Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between type 2 diabetes and hepatobiliary disease in well-characterized patients with detailed risk factor data including viral hepatitis status and hemochromatosis genotype.

Lack of association of the CD14 promoter polymorphism--159C/T with Caucasian inflammatory bowel disease.

Objective: The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are multifactorial diseases resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The recently described CARD15 and TNF-alpha risk alleles are believed to be contributors to disease by disrupting inflammatory pathways via impaired response to bacteria. Other bacterial receptors, such as CD14, may also have a role in disease.