Vocal indices of stress: a review.

Objective: Identification of stress patterns in the voice has multiple potential applications. The objective was to review literature pertaining to the effects of various forms of stress upon the healthy voice.

Study Design: Literature review, discussion of results, and direction for further study.

Beta-adrenergic blockade and voice: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

This study investigated the effects of laboratory-induced stress and beta-adrenergic blockade on acoustic and aerodynamic voice measures. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 12 participants, six males and six females, underwent cold pressor-induced sympathetic activation followed by placebo or treatment with 40 mg propranolol. Aerodynamic and acoustic parameters of voice were collected at baseline, during cold pressor and after treatment with propranolol or placebo.

Mechanisms of sustained cutaneous vasodilation induced by spinal cord stimulation.

This study was performed to investigate whether spinal cord stimulation (SCS) at intensities below motor threshold prolongs cutaneous vasodilation and whether sustained vasodilation by SCS is mediated through sympathetic inhibition and/or antidromic activation of sensory fibers. SCS was applied to the dorsal surface of the L2-L3 spinal cord of anesthesized rats with stimulus parameters used clinically (i.e.

Local cooling alters neural mechanisms producing changes in peripheral blood flow by spinal cord stimulation.

This study was performed to investigate the respective role of sensory afferent and sympathetic fibers in peripheral vasodilatation induced by spinal cord stimulation at different hindpaw skin temperatures. Cooling the skin was used as a strategy to enhance sympathetic activity [Am. J.

Stereotaxic localization of corticosterone to the amygdala enhances hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses to behavioral stress.

The amygdala is involved in behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine responses to stressful stimuli. The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of directly elevating glucocorticoids in the amygdala on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) responses to the elevated plus maze, a behavioral stressor known to activate the amygdala. Micropellets (30 microg) of crystalline corticosterone or cholesterol (control) were implanted bilaterally at the dorsal margin of the CeA in male Wistar rats; vascular catheters were also placed at this time.

Role of primary afferents in spinal cord stimulation-induced vasodilation: characterization of fiber types.

Selected patients with peripheral vascular disease can be treated with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to improve blood flow in the limbs. However, the mechanisms producing these effects remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate if SCS produces cutaneous vasodilation via antidromic activation of the unmyelinated C-fibers and/or the small myelinated fibers.