Decreased bone mineralization in children with Noonan syndrome: another consequence of dysregulated RAS MAPKinase pathway?

Introduction: Noonan syndrome (NS) is a disorder of RAS- mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with clinical features of skeletal dysplasia. This pathway is essential for regulation of cell differentiation and growth including bone homeostasis. Currently, limited information exists regarding bone mineralization in NS.

Clinical presentation of hypothyroidism: a case control analysis.

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrinological disorder. Its clinical presentation is variable but well established. However, clinical features vary significantly among different populations owing to their climate, education status and awareness about the disease.