Trazodone, a medicine registered for human, is a serotonin agonist-antagonist. At low dose, the drug is sedative due to its antagonist properties. At high dose, it is an agonist with anxiolytic and antidepressant actions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe presence of letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, in an athlete's sample constitutes one of the more frequent anti-doping rules violation. It is possible to challenge this violation but it is the athletes who have to demonstrate their innocence. The conditions to evidence/establish the absence of fault or negligence hinge on two points: 1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe presence of a doping substance in an athlete's biological sample may not be only related to intentional pharmacological support. The unintended use of a prohibited substance may be due various reasons. This paper describes the case of a Polish canoeist preparing for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris who presented a positive doping test result, as a consequence of administering medication to her injured dog.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA case of chronic intoxication by 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is reported in a 21-year-old bodybuilder, also known as an abuser of anabolic steroids, who died after ingesting 2 grams of this substance after 6 months of repeated consumption. The bodybuilder presented the triad of symptoms - tachycardia, tachypnoea, profuse sweating - from 6 months before his death, and was hospitalised for multiple organ failure 4 months before his death. Medical staff attributed this serious episode to his consumption of 2,4-DNP.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClostebol, the 4-chloro derivative of testosterone, available as Over The Counter product in pharmacies and drugstores in several countries, is mostly commercialized as a cream or spray in the form of acetate ester. As other anabolic steroids, clostebol is listed as a prohibited substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Controlled transdermal application of clostebol acetate has been reported to produce detectable amounts of its metabolites in urine, even after a single exposure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProtonitazene is a synthetic benzoimidazole opioid of the nitazenes class, developed in the 1950s as an effective analgesic, but never released in the market due to severe side effects and major risk of dependence. The laboratory was involved in the determination of the cause of death for 5 subjects deceased in a French department of the Indian Ocean. The 5 victims were male, aged between 20 and 35 years.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe identification of trimetazidine, a medicine used for treating stable angina pectoris and for preventing angina attacks, has been recently observed in doping cases involving high profile athletes from various countries over the world. In all the files where the authors have been involved, the urine concentration of trimetazidine was low (<2 ng/mL), and the athletes argued that contamination was the source of their adverse analytical finding. It is possible to challenge imposed sanctions in relation to an adverse analytical finding, but it is the responsibility of the athlete to demonstrate he/she is innocent and can qualify for no fault or negligence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn case of an adverse analytical finding, a low (estimate) urine concentration can be the consequence of 2 very different situations: it can be the tail end of a drug voluntarily consumed to enhance athletic performance, even by microdosing (which is not effective for all drugs), or it can be the result of a contamination, irrespective of its source. For numerous doping agents, a hair test can allow discriminating doping from contamination based on the measured concentration or even the absence of the target drug. Given hair produces incremental concentrations, its analysis offers the possibility of establishing a pattern of drug use and thus, verifying self-reported histories of exposure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
July 2024
The use of semaglutide, also known by its trade name Ozempic®, has been increasing worldwide in recent years due to its benefits in treating type II diabetes. Thanks to its effects on appetite regulation, in many countries it is also used to treat obesity. However, due to its promotion by social media and celebrities as a weight-loss treatment, semaglutide is misused by a non-diabetic and non-obese population and by a young public, which is the main target of these media.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProtonitazene, or N,N-diethyl-5-nitro-2-[(4-propoxyphenyl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole-1-ethanamine, is a novel synthetic opioid, which belongs to the nitazene family. Over the last four years, nitazenes have re-emerged on the new psychoactive substances market and have been reported in several fatal intoxication cases. The metabolism of several nitazene analogues have already been studied, but to date, no data exists regarding protonitazene.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProtonitazene is a synthetic benzimidazole opioid of the nitazenes class, developed in the 1950s as an effective analgesic, but never released on the market due to severe side effects and possible dependence. Despite its increasing use as a new psychoactive substance starting in 2019, its detection in human hair of intoxicated and deceased consumers has never been reported. We present the development and validation of a specific procedure to identify protonitazene in hair by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe presence of ostarine, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in an athlete's sample constitutes one of the most frequent anti-doping rules violation. It is possible to challenge this violation but it is the athlete who has to demonstrate he / she is innocent. The conditions to evidence no fault or negligence are mostly based on 2 points: 1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe presence of ostarine, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in an athlete's urine specimen constitutes one of the most frequent anti-doping rules violation as the drug is listed as a member of the S1.2 class "other anabolic agents" of the World Anti-doping Agency Prohibited List, forbidden in- and out-competition. It is possible to challenge this violation but it is at the charge of the athlete to prove innocence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnalysis of hair collected from putrefied or skeletal bodies is always complex and must take into account several pitfalls, such as external contamination and contamination by biological fluids. This work presents a case of particular complexity. A skeletonized body was discovered on a country road.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Pharm Biomed Anal
March 2024
A 65 year-old woman, suffering from mellitus type 2 diabetes and obesity, died at home, three days after bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric by-pass: RYGB). Her treatment, including metformin and dapagliflozin, was stopped before surgery and not postoperatively reinstalled. A forensic autopsy, toxicological and histological analyses were performed.
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