A double exposure to social defeat induces sub-chronic effects on sleep and open field behaviour in rats.

Social defeat, resulting from the fight for a territory is based on the resident-intruder paradigm. A male rat intruder is placed in the territory of an older, bigger and more aggressive male resident and is defeated. In the present study, a double exposure to social defeat increased sleep fragmentation due to an increased amount of waking and slow-wave-sleep-1 (SWS-1) episodes.

Gastrointestinal function and metabolic control after construction of an orthotopic ileal neobladder in bladder cancer.

Objective: To investigate the effects of ileum resection in orthotopic neobladder construction on gastrointestinal function and metabolic control.

Material And Methods: We included 28 patients who underwent radical cystectomy and construction of an orthotopic neobladder or continent ileal reservoir for bladder cancer. As controls, 10 patients endoscopically treated for non-invasive bladder cancer (TaG2) were enrolled.

Urethral sensitivity in incontinent women.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to ascertain whether frequent voiding and urge incontinence are associated with supersensitivity to electrical stimulation in the posterior urethra.

Methods: Current perception thresholds (CPT) were tested at four stimulus frequencies (1, 3, 20, and 100 Hz; duration 0.5 ms) using a square-wave constant current electrical stimulator connected to ring electrodes on a urethral catheter.

Acute erysipelatous oedema in the scrotum.

We present a case of penile and scrotal oedema in a young man. Although oestradiol treatment and compression bandaging provided some relief from the symptoms, neither therapy was ideal. Triangular resection of the foreskin was therefore performed, although the oedema persisted.

Percutaneous nephrostomy--a retrospective study focused on palliative indications.

We present an overview of the fast development of less invasive techniques in intrarenal surgery all based on percutaneous nephrostomy. Life-long urinary diversion with nephrostomy is often necessary in patients with malignant disease and such patients have more postnephrostomy complications than patients with kidney stones and their survival is short. In a follow-up of 246 patients with 275 nephrostomies performed consecutively over two years, mean survival after urinary diversion was only 7.

Snoring as a cause of nocturia in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Objectives: Snoring increases with increasing age and body mass, and repeated periods of hypoxia cause nocturnal polyuria. Accordingly, we examined the occurrence of snoring problems in patients scheduled for transurethral prostatic resection.

Methods: Of 171 men scheduled for TUR-P, 41 were excluded due to cardiac disease, diabetes, or prostatic malignancy.

Impact on ureteral peristalsis in a stented ureter. An experimental study in the pig.

Peristalsis was examined in ten pigs with stented ureters. In five of the animals, the stents were inserted 6-8 weeks before examination, which was performed using a 3.5 Ch catheter equipped with thin copper wires in two sites 10 cm apart.

Tension-free vaginal tape evaluated using patient self-reports and urodynamic testing--a two-year follow-up.

Objective: Urinary incontinence entails both reduced quality of life for many women and considerable public expense. Compared with other methods aimed at alleviating incontinence, tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) is minimally invasive, can be performed under local anaesthesia and results in less morbidity and shorter hospitalization. The present study was carried out to evaluate early and late complications and as a 2-year follow-up after surgery.

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: long-term followup of adults with and without surgical treatment.

Purpose: We compared the long-term outcome of hydronephrosis due to pyeloureteral obstruction based on excretory urography findings and renal function in patients who did and did not undergo pyeloplasty.

Materials And Methods: We followed 83 adults for a mean of 17 years after the diagnosis of hydronephrosis. The choice of conservative or surgical management was based on the results of excretory urography, pelvic manometry, fluoroscopy of pelvic and ureteral peristalsis, isotope renography and renal clearance studies but symptom severity was considered greatly important.

Denervation of periurethral prostatic tissue by transurethral microwave thermotherapy.

Purpose: To determine whether transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) affects innervation of the urethra and periurethral prostate.

Material And Methods: Ten patients with troublesome benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were treated with TUMT 1 week prior to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). At surgery, a biopsy was taken for histological examination and for immunohistochemical staining of the non-specific neuromarker protein gene product (PGP) 9.

Diclofenac treatment prolongs renal transit time in acute ureteral obstruction: a renographic study.

Objective: Prostaglandin inhibitors, mostly diclofenac, are currently first-choice therapy for ureteral colic, their main action being reduction of intrapelvic pressure and diuresis. We hypothesized that diclofenac, by increasing tubular reabsorption, can delay excretion of contrast medium and give a false impression of severe obstruction.

Methods: Gamma camera renography was performed with 50 MBq (99)Tc(m)-MAG3 before and with 150 MBq 30 min after intramuscular injection of 75 mg diclofenac in 10 patients with acute ureteral colic.

[Tough working conditions for urologists].

A questionnaire sent by the Swedish Association of Urology to all active Swedish urologists (n = 249) was returned by 89%. Questions concerned actual urological work, emergency duties, education, development facilities and research access, but also job satisfaction, psychological fatigue and emotional stress, as well as each urologist's plans for the future. Answers indicate that Swedish urologists carry a heavy work load and experience considerable demands from patients, relatives and colleagues.

Sham treatment compared with 30 or 60 min of thermotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized study.

Objective: To study the differences in subjective and objective results after 30 or 60 min of transurethral thermotherapy (TUMT) or sham treatment in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Patients And Methods: Forty-four patients with lower urinary tract symptoms caused by BPH were randomized to undergo 30 or 60 min of TUMT or sham treatment (14, 16 and 14 patients, respectively). The patients were evaluated using symptom scores, timed micturition, free flow rates and urodynamics before and after treatment.

The impact of the geometry of the lithotriptor aperture on fragmentation effect at extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy treatment.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the aperture size of an electro-hydraulic lithotriptor on the fragmentation effect. We also wanted to investigate whether a potential change in the capacitance of the pulse forming network (PFN), at a certain energy level, might have an impact on fragmentation rate. Two different apertures with a diameter of 23 and 17 cm respectively were compared using two different values of total PFN capacitance: 50 nF and 80 nF.

Quality of life and urinary incontinence pad use in women.

Women utilizing the free provision and home delivery of urinary incontinence pads by the Swedish health services were sent a questionnaire concerning their quality of life and pad use. Evaluable and complete replies were received from 460 of 521 women. The incontinence was chronic and moderate to severe, considerably restricting general and professional activities.

Sexual function one year after transurethral prostatic resection. Patients' own assessments.

One year after transurethral resection of the prostate for benign hyperplasia, 127 men received a questionnaire requesting personal evaluation of sexual function, including erection, ejaculation, libido and satisfaction. Significant postoperative dysfunction was reported in all these respects: 54% of the responders claimed deterioration and half of them blamed the operation. Decline in sexual function had a multifactorial background, including advancing age, morbidity, and changed marital and social conditions.

Effect of sucralfate on induced chemical cystitis in rabbits.

Objective: To study the histological effect of locally applied sucralfate on the urinary bladder in rabbits with chemically induced cystitis.

Materials And Methods: Sucralfate (1 g dissolved in 10 mL saline) was instilled into the bladders of six rabbits, while four controls had no instillation. The procedure was repeated 4 days later and followed immediately by 10 mL of 2% formaldehyde infused into the bladder and retained for 10 min in all 10 rabbits.

The International Continence Society "Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia" Study: international differences in lower urinary tract symptoms and related bother.

Purpose: We investigated the international differences in the reporting of lower urinary tract symptoms and related bother in patients with symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction.

Materials And Methods: Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate international differences in the reporting of lower urinary tract symptoms and related bother in 1,271 patients from 12 countries who participated in the International Continence Society "benign prostatic hyperplasia" study.

Results: Country of origin was significantly associated with the prevalence of a large number of lower urinary tract symptoms (10 of 20), even after adjusting for potentially confounding variables, including physical and socio-demographic factors.

Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Subjective response and urodynamic changes.

Results of transurethral microwave thermotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia were good after 1 year in 68% of 66 cases. Despite good correlation between subjective assessment of results and improvement in urodynamic parameters, no predictive factors for probably successful outcome could be identified. Diminution in frequency of micturition (diurnal from 8.

Progress in urodynamic research on the upper urinary tract: implications for practical urology.

The development of new surgical techniques for bladder substitution and continent urinary diversion has extended interest in urodynamics of the upper urinary tract. From a subdiscipline attracting mainly scientists and bioengineers, renal pelvic kinetics and ureteral peristalsis have evolved as important factors in routine clinical urology. The observed changes in peristaltic pattern during high diuresis, obstruction and urinary reflux have influenced management of stone disease and neurogenic bladder.

Burch colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence. 5-year results in 153 women.

The long-term results of Burch colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence were evaluated in 153 women operated on in 1984-1990. At follow-up 2 months postoperatively, 88% of the women reported continence, 5% were almost continent and the failure rate was 7%. At 24 months the corresponding figures were 86.

Implications of cavitation phenomena for shot intervals in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

Objective: To study the influence of shot intervals and the quality of the coupling medium (degassed water) in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

Materials And Methods: Acoustic scattering and damping (and thereby also the focal size) were modelled with respect to the conditions of the coupling medium, using continuous wave high intensity ultrasound. The influence of the shot interval on rise time and attained shock wave pressure were quantified with a modified ESWL apparatus and a specially designed hydrophone.

Renal and bladder functions in patients after spinal cord injuries.

Thirty-eight patients with spinal cord lesions, 22 recent and 16 sustained more than three years previously, were investigated with intravenous pyelography, chrome EDTA clearance, cystoscopy and urodynamic studies. Analyses of bladder biopsies for tissue concentrations of nor-adrenaline and occurrence of acetylcholinesterase staining of nerves were also performed. Despite high incidence of fairly mild infections and trabeculation of the bladder, renal function was normal in most patients.