[Prevalence and risk factors of delirium in COVID-19].

Objective: To assess the frequency and risk factors of delirium in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

Material And Methods: Four hundred and forty patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital of the University Clinical Hospital No.3 of Sechenov University were included in the study.

[Psychopharmacotherapy of late-stage hypochondriac conditions: frequency of use and effectiveness of drugs].

Objective: To conduct a comparative analysis of psychopharmacotherapy effectiveness in hypochondriac disorders of late age and to identify the optimal combinations of drugs depending on the thymopathic (hypothymic and/or anxiety) components accompanying the main hypochondriac manifestation.

Material And Methods: One hundred and eight female inpatients, aged from 50 to 88 years, with leading hypochondriac symptoms of non-delusional level were enrolled in the study. All patients were examined clinically and psychopathologically using psychometric scales: the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the hypochondria rating scale and the UKU side-effect rating scale.

[Unipolar depression: a gender-based comparative analysis].

Objective: To compare socio-demographic and clinical characteristics in men and women with depression.

Material And Methods: We studied 388 patients with unipolar depression, 74 men and 314 women. The survey was carried out using the clinical-psychopathological method and psychometric scales for depression.

Biological Mechanisms of Atypical and Melancholic Major Depressive Disorder.

Background: This review summarizes recent findings in molecular biology and neuroimaging and their applicability to the classification and identification of depression. We discuss whether there is reliable evidence that could become a basis for biomarkers or subtyping that may enhance our understanding of the biological foundations of depression and may be useful for clinical practice with respect to diagnosis and prognosis as well as the selection of treatments.

Objective: The purpose of this investigation is to present molecular mechanisms that contribute to different origins of depressions that could prove useful in the daily psychiatric clinic-based practices.

[Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients with the first depressive episode and recurrent depression].

Objective: To comparare socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with the first depressive episode and recurrent depression.

Material And Methods: Three hundred and twenty one patients with unipolar depression, including 96 patients with first depressive episode and 225 patients with recurrent depression, were examined using clinical and psychometric methods.

Results And Conclusion: There were differences in clinical characteristics between groups but such factors as gender, marital status, level of education, family history of mental disorders and personality were similar.

Can Molecular Biology Propose Reliable Biomarkers for Diagnosing Major Depression?

Background: Modern medicine has provided considerable knowledge of the pathophysiology of mental disorders at the body, systemic, organ and neurochemical levels of the biological organization of the body. Modern clinical diagnostics of depression have some problems, that is why psychiatric society makes use of diagnostics and taxonomy of different types of depression by implemention of modern molecular biomarkers in diagnostic procedures. But up to now, there are no reliable biomarkers of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other types of depression.

Toxoplasmosis and mental disorders in the Russian Federation (with special reference to schizophrenia).

The association of latent toxoplasmosis with mental disorders in general and with schizophrenia in particular was noticed in the mid-1950s. In subsequent years, the role of Toxoplasma gondii was established based on its ability to survive for long periods of time in the nerve cells of the brain. The acute manifestations of the infection include psychopathic symptoms resembling those of schizophrenia.

Bilateral thalamic stroke in patient with patent foramen ovale and hereditary thrombophilia.

Patent foramen ovale and hereditary thrombophilia are both known risk factors for ischemic stroke. Artery of Percheron is a rare anatomical variant in which vast areas of the midbrain and thalamus have a single source of blood supply. This case report presents a 45-years old female patient with bilateral thalamic stroke due to Percheron artery occlusion, with a combination of hereditary thrombophilia and patent foramen ovale as the risk factors.

[The current state and future prospects of depression research (clinical and classification problems)].

Despite decades of research, neurobiological studies of depression haven't achieved significant results. Many experts propose that one of the main reasons for this failure is current diagnostic standards not considering the heterogeneity and polymorphism of depression. Research is unable to identify specific neurobiological changes due to formal diagnosis 'major depressive disorder' and new diagnostic criteria are needed.

[The features of psychopharmacotherapy of depressive states with panic attacks].

Aim: To develop therapeutic programs for treatment of depression with panic attacks on the basis of their clinical and psychopathological features.

Material And Methods: A total of 100 in- and outpatients, aged from 18 to 60 years, with depression of mild and moderate severity with panic attacks were studied. The investigation was carried out using clinical, psychopathological and psychometric (the Atypical Depression Diagnostic Scale (ADDS), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scales (MADRS), and the Sheehan Anxiety Rating Scale (ShARS)) methods.

[Genetic and clinical predictors of treatment efficacy in depressive disorders].

Aim: To study clinical and genetic characteristics that impact on the efficacy of pharmacotherapy of depressive disorders.

Material And Methods: The study included 188 patients with unipolar depressive disorders of different genesis (psychogenic, endogenous and organic). A clinical-psychopathological method and depression psychometric scales were used.

[The possibility of using standardized self-report anxiety and depression scales in elderly patients: Depression scales/questionnaires in elderly].

Aim: To study possibilities of using depression scales in elderly patients, evaluate the parameters of their reliability and validity and develop practical recommendations on the use of these scales in clinical practice.

Material And Methods: The study included 234 patients, aged over 50 years, with anxious depression. The following scales/questionnaires BDI, GDS-15, CES-D-10, CES-D-20, ZDS and HADS-D were used at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment.

[The possibility of using standardized self-report anxiety and depression scales in elderly patients: anxiety scales/questionnaires].

Aim: To describe the specifics of using self-report anxiety scales in elderly patients, determine the parameters of their reliability and validity and develop recommendations on the use of these scales.

Material And Methods: The study included 234 patients, aged over 50 years, with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. The following scales/questionnaires BAI, GAI, STAI, ZAS, HADS were used at baseline and 12 weeks after treatment.

[An increase in the efficacy of psychopharmacotherapy of late-onset depressions: combination and substitution of antidepressants].

Objective: To comprehensively analyze the possibilities of using the methods of correction of non-effective psychopharmacotherapy of late-onset depressions.

Material And Methods: Methods of potentiating, combination and substitution of non-effective psychopharmacotherapy of late-onset depressions were studied.

Results And Conclusion: Indications to the use and specific algorithms of substitution and addition of antidepressants in non-effective psychopharmacotherapy of late-onset depressions have been developed.

[The efficacy of psychopharmacotherapy of late onset depression: the optimization of treatment duration].

Objective: To analyze possibilities of using different methods to increase the efficacy of psychopharmacotherapy of late onset depression, in particular to increase treatment duration.

Material And Methods: The study included 378patients, aged from 50 to 82 years (mean age 60.6±8.

[The association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene and the efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors].

Objective: To search for the association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene and the efficacy and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Material And Methods: The complex clinical/psychopathological and genetic study of 38 patients with depression treated with SSRIs was carried out.

Results And Conclusion: The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was associated with the rate of achievement of remission and tolerability of treatment: carriers of the SS genotype achieved remission less frequently and more frequently experienced side-effects.

[Remote consequences of the long-term uncontrollable consumption of anxiolytics and hypnotics in elderly: a problem of drug dependence].

Aim: To identify main clinical/psychopathological characteristics of aged psychiatric inpatients who regularly used anxiolytic and hypnotic benzodiazepines without control from the physician.

Material And Methods: Authors examined 56 women over 50 years hospitalized due to a psychiatric disorder. Before admission, they regularly used benzodiazepines without a prescription for more than 2 months.

[Current state and potential of pharmacogenetic studies in the treatment of depression].

In this literature review, we consider pharmacological studies in the aspect of functioning of cerebral neurochemical systems and their role in the development of depression and mechanisms of antidepressant action. The following sections of the review are devoted to the above issues: adrenoreceptors, serotonin transporter protein, dopamine transporter protein, monoamine oxidase A, catechol-O-methyltransferase, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, G-proteins, the glutamatergic system.

[Venlafaxine in the treatment of moderate and severe depressions: the ways to increase treatment efficacy].

Objective: To find factors influencing the efficacy of venlafaxine in moderate and severe depressions.

Material And Methods: An observational study was carried out in real clinical practice. We examined 62 patients with depression, 21 men and 41 women, aged from 19 to 61 years, treated with venlafaxine.

[Treatment of depression: the current state and perspectives of the development of pharmacological studies].

A review of literature over the last two decades is presented. It is emphasized that psyachopharmacotherapy currently remains a main method of treatment of severe and moderate depression. Pharmacogenetic studies are directed mainly towards the identification of probable targets based on pharmacokinetcs and pharmacodynamics of andidepressants as well as the aspect of identification of probably predictors for treatment response.

[Remote consequences of the long-term uncontrolled use of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs by elderly patients: cognitive disorders].

Objective: Frequents cases (10-30% of the elderly population) of regular long-term use of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs, in particular, benzodiazepines, without control of the physician is an urgent problem of medicine worldwide. Severe and irreversible cognitive impairment is a frequent and severe consequence of this use. Authors studied cognitive impairment in these cases.

[Anxiety disorders in elderly patients: psychopathological characteristics, diagnosis, similarities and differences with anxious depression].

Objective: There are two points of view on the relation between anxiety and depression: they are comorbid diseases or they are symptoms of the same disease. This inconsistency complicates the diagnosis of anxiety and depressive disorders in clinical practice, in particular in elderly patients. We attempted to study the nosological structure of anxiety states in elderly patients and work out recommendations on differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders and depressions.

[Effectiveness of psychopharmacotherapy of late hypochondriac depression].

Hypochondriac depression is typical for elderly people and is difficult to treat. An aim of the study was to estimate the effect of hypochondriac symptoms on the effectiveness of psychopharmacotherapy of late depression. It has been shown that psychopharmacotherapy of late depression with hypochondriac symptoms is significantly less effective than that of depression without such symptoms.

[Hypochondriac symptoms in late-onset depression: the relationship between hypochondria and somatic state of patients].

Authors studied 276 women with late-onset depression. Concomitant chronic somatic diseases were identified in 90%. The presence of disease and its nosological definition did not impact on the development of hypochondriac symptoms in patients with late-onset depression.

[The optimization of the late-life depression assessment scale and recommendations for its practical use].

The authors elaborated earlier the late-life depression assessment scale (version 1.0) which proved to be effective for the diagnosis and description of the structure and severity of depression in elderly patients. In this paper, they have improved this scale by adding corrections in the scale structure and dimensionality of assessment items.