Transition of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta from Zone 3 to Zone 1 to Treat Hemodynamic Collapse during Continued Hemorrhage.

Introduction: Noncompressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH) accounts for most potentially survivable deaths on the battlefield. Treatment of NCTH is challenging, especially in far-forward environments with limited capabilities. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has shown promise in the care of patients with NCTH.

Synthesis of immune modulators by smooth muscles.

The primary function of smooth muscle cells is to contract and alter the stiffness or diameter of hollow organs such as blood vessels, the airways and the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. In addition to purely structural functions, smooth muscle cells may play important metabolic roles, particularly in various inflammatory responses. In cell culture, these cells have been shown to be metabolically dynamic, synthesizing and secreting extracellular matrix proteins, glycosaminoglycans and a wide variety of cell-cell signaling proteins, such as interleukins, chemokines and peptide growth factors.

p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB mediate COX-2 expression in human airway myocytes.

We have previously demonstrated that p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are components of proinflammatory induced cytokine expression in human airway myocytes. The experiments described here further these studies by examining p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in response to a complex inflammatory stimulus consisting of 10 ng/ml interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon (IFN)-gamma. COX-2 expression was induced with this stimulus in a time-dependent manner, with maximal expression seen 12-20 h after treatment.