Techno-economic analysis of an HRES with fuel cells, solar panels, and wind turbines using an improved Al-Biruni algorithm.

This research demonstrates the application of novel optimization methods in the realm of renewable energy and contributes to the development of environmentally friendly electricity generation and consumption. In this study, an improved version of the Al-Biruni algorithm has been proposed for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) optimization, which includes fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and windmills. The algorithm considers supply, demand, and energy storage constraints and seeks the best combination of energy sources to meet load demand while reducing total system cost.