Determinants of Handwashing at Critical Times Among Mothers/Caregivers of Children Under-Five Years Old: Panel Data Evidence From Rural Afghanistan.

Background: Very few studies have used panel data regression models to estimate the determinants of handwashing with water and soap at critical times in a developing country.

Objective: To analyse the predictors of handwashing with water and soap at critical times among mother/caregivers of children under-5 years in rural Afghanistan.

Method: This study used data from 1208 mothers/caregivers of children under-5 years who were selected and interviewed at baseline and endline in 7 provinces using systematic probability proportional-to-size sampling method.

Personalizing driver safety interfaces via driver cognitive factors inference.

Recent advances in AI and intelligent vehicle technology hold the promise of revolutionizing mobility and transportation through advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Certain cognitive factors, such as impulsivity and inhibitory control have been shown to relate to risky driving behavior and on-road risk-taking. However, existing systems fail to leverage such factors in assistive driving technologies adequately.

Effects of multimodal explanations for autonomous driving on driving performance, cognitive load, expertise, confidence, and trust.

Advances in autonomous driving provide an opportunity for AI-assisted driving instruction that directly addresses the critical need for human driving improvement. How should an AI instructor convey information to promote learning? In a pre-post experiment (n = 41), we tested the impact of an AI Coach's explanatory communications modeled after performance driving expert instructions. Participants were divided into four (4) groups to assess two (2) dimensions of the AI coach's explanations: information type ('what' and 'why'-type explanations) and presentation modality (auditory and visual).

Early myocardial injury in children on doxorubicin for cancer chemotherapy: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary referral centre in Kenya.

Introduction: Use of doxorubicin, an anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent has been associated with late-occurring cardiac toxicities. Detection of early-occurring cardiac effects of cancer chemotherapy is essential to prevent occurrence of adverse events including toxicity, myocardial dysfunction, and death.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and associated factors of myocardial injury in children on doxorubicin cancer chemotherapy.

Low prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Kenyan adolescent girls and rapid incidence after first sex.

Background: Bacterial vaginosis is a risk factor for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Adult African women have a high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, but it is not known when first bacterial vaginosis occurs.

Objective: This study aimed to describe bacterial vaginosis in younger African women, before and after first sex, and to determine the incidence of bacterial vaginosis and significant correlates of bacterial vaginosis incidence and recurrence.

Design and rationale of the mobile health intervention for rural atrial fibrillation.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly morbid condition which requires long-term adherence to oral anticoagulation and may be associated with adverse quality of life and health care utilization. We developed a relational agent-an interactive smartphone-based intervention accessible regardless of digital or health literacy-to assist individuals residing in rural, Western Pennsylvania, with AF with chronic disease self-management.

Methods: The "Mobile health intervention for rural atrial fibrillation" is a single center, parallel-arm randomized clinical trial for adults with AF funded by the National Institute of Health's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to enroll 264 participants.

Cash, COVID-19 and aid cuts: a mixed-method impact evaluation among South Sudanese refugees registered in Kiryandongo settlement, Uganda.

Objectives: In this paper, we estimate the impact after 4-8 months of a large one-off unconditional cash transfer delivered to refugees during a time of dual shocks: the COVID-19 pandemic and cuts to monthly aid. We focus on four key outcomes: (1) health-seeking behaviour; (2) COVID-19 specific preventive health practices; (3) food security and (4) psychological well-being.

Methods: We use both quantitative and qualitative data to understand the impact of a cash transfer in this context.

Desalination of Complex Multi-Ionic Solutions by Reverse Osmosis at Different pH Values, Temperatures, and Compositions.

For a thorough mechanistic understanding of reverse osmosis (RO), data on ion retention obtained by desalination of multi-ionic solutions are needed. In this paper, we show how to obtain such data under controlled laboratory conditions at any nonextreme pH. For that, we propose a simple method where we use N and CO gas control to set the composition of a gas phase in equilibrium with the feedwater solution.

Pre-eclampsia is a valuable opportunity to diagnose chronic kidney disease: a multicentre study.

Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are known to be associated. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of CKD in a large multicentre cohort of women without acknowledged CKD who experienced a PE episode.

Methods: The setting for the study was France (Le Mans, Central France) and Italy (Cagliari, Sardinia).

Factors influencing TB treatment interruption and treatment outcomes among patients in Kiambu County, 2016-2019.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality as a single infectious agent globally with increasing numbers of case notification in developing countries. This study seeks to investigate the clinical and socio-demographic factors of time to TB treatment interruption among Tuberculosis patients in Kiambu County, 2016-2019. We retrospectively analyzed data for all treatment outcomes patients obtained from TB tracing form linked with the Tuberculosis Information Basic Unit (TIBU) of patients in Kiambu County health facilities using time to treatment interruption as the main outcome.

Multicomponent mass transport modeling of water desalination by reverse osmosis including ion pair formation.

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is one of the main membrane technologies currently used for the desalination of seawater and brackish water to produce freshwater. However, the mechanism of transport and separation of ions in RO membranes is not yet fully understood. Besides acid-base reactions (i.

Detection of Diverse Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus Isolates in Maize Seed.

Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) has driven the emergence of maize lethal necrosis worldwide, where it threatens maize production in areas of East Africa, South America, and Asia. It is thought that MCMV transmission through seed may be important for introduction of the virus in new regions. Identification of infested seed lots is critical for preventing the spread of MCMV through seed.

The Atrial Fibrillation Health Literacy Information Technology Trial: Pilot Trial of a Mobile Health App for Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that adversely affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We conducted a pilot trial of individuals with AF using a smartphone to provide a relational agent as well as rhythm monitoring. We employed our pilot to measure acceptability and adherence and to assess its effectiveness in improving HRQoL and adherence.

Benchmarking food environment policies for the prevention of diet-related non-communicable diseases in Kenya: National expert panel's assessment and priority recommendations.

Introduction: Unhealthy food environments drive the increase of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Objective: We aimed to examine healthy food environment policies in Kenya and identify priorities for future action.

Methods: Using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) we collected evidence on the extent of government action to create healthy food environments across 13 policy and infrastructure support domains and 43 related good practice indicators between 2017 and 2018.

Contextualizing medication abortion in seven African nations: A literature review.

We conducted a comprehensive literature review on abortion in seven African countries to synthesize and analyze the landscape of abortion-related scientific knowledge, with the aim of informing abortion-access related research and programs in the region. We find that that abortion is common, despite legal restrictions, and often occurs outside of the formal health care system. Use of medication abortion was reported to be low, potentially due to legal restrictions and insufficient provider training across the continent.

Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals a Complete Genome Sequence of from Passion Fruit in Kenya.

Analysis of transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) data revealed a complete (CABMV) genome from virus-infected passion fruit in Kenya. We compared it with six complete CABMV genomes, one each from Zimbabwe and Uganda and two each from Brazil and India. The Zimbabwean isolate CABMV-Z was the closest, with 83.

The Atrial Fibrillation Health Literacy Information Technology System: Pilot Assessment.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly prevalent heart rhythm condition that has significant associated morbidity and requires chronic treatment. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies have the potential to enhance multiple aspects of AF care, including education, monitoring of symptoms, and encouraging and tracking medication adherence. We have previously implemented and tested relational agents to improve outcomes in chronic disease and sought to develop a smartphone-based relational agent for improving patient-centered outcomes in AF.

Rationale and design of the Atrial Fibrillation health Literacy Information Technology Trial: (AF-LITT).

Background: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia that is challenging for patients and adversely impacts health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Long-term management of AF requires that patients adhere to complex therapies, understand difficult terminology, navigate subspecialty care, and have continued symptom monitoring with the goal of preventing adverse outcomes. Continued interventions to ameliorate the patient experience of AF are essential.

Women's participation in household decision-making and higher dietary diversity: findings from nationally representative data from Ghana.

Background: Low-quality monotonous diet is a major problem confronting resource-constrained settings across the world. Starchy staple foods dominate the diets in these settings. This places the population, especially women of reproductive age, at a risk of micronutrients deficiencies.

Is there a place for nutrition-sensitive agriculture?

The focus of the review paper is to discuss how biotechnological innovations are opening new frontiers to mitigate nutrition in key agricultural crops with potential for large-scale health impact to people in Africa. The general objective of the Africa Biofortified Sorghum (ABS) project is to develop and deploy sorghum with enhanced pro-vitamin A to farmers and end-users in Africa to alleviate vitamin A-related micronutrient deficiency diseases. To achieve this objective the project technology development team has developed several promising high pro-vitamin A sorghum events.

Translating the immunogenicity of prime-boost immunization with ChAd63 and MVA ME-TRAP from malaria naive to malaria-endemic populations.

To induce a deployable level of efficacy, a successful malaria vaccine would likely benefit from both potent cellular and humoral immunity. These requirements are met by a heterologous prime-boost immunization strategy employing a chimpanzee adenovirus vector followed by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), both encoding the pre-erythrocytic malaria antigen ME-thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), with high immunogenicity and significant efficacy in UK adults. We undertook two phase 1b open-label studies in adults in Kenya and The Gambia in areas of similar seasonal malaria transmission dynamics and have previously reported safety and basic immunogenicity data.

CD4+ T cell responses to the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in children with mild malaria.

The immune response against the variant surface Ag Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a key component of clinical immunity against malaria. We have investigated the development and maintenance of CD4(+) T cell responses to a small semiconserved area of the Duffy binding-like domain (DBL)α-domain of PfEMP1, the DBLα-tag. Young children were followed up longitudinally, and parasites and PBMCs were isolated from 35 patients presenting with an acute case of uncomplicated malaria.

Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost immunisation with Plasmodium falciparum malaria candidate vaccines, ChAd63 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP, in healthy Gambian and Kenyan adults.

Background: Heterologous prime boost immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and Modified vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccines is a strategy recently shown to be capable of inducing strong cell mediated responses against several antigens from the malaria parasite. ChAd63-MVA expressing the Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic antigen ME-TRAP (multiple epitope string with thrombospondin-related adhesion protein) is a leading malaria vaccine candidate, capable of inducing sterile protection in malaria naïve adults following controlled human malaria infection (CHMI).

Methodology: We conducted two Phase Ib dose escalation clinical trials assessing the safety and immunogenicity of ChAd63-MVA ME-TRAP in 46 healthy malaria exposed adults in two African countries with similar malaria transmission patterns.

T-cell responses to the DBLα-tag, a short semi-conserved region of the Plasmodium falciparum membrane erythrocyte protein 1.

The Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a variant surface antigen expressed on mature forms of infected erythrocytes. It is considered an important target of naturally acquired immunity. Despite its extreme sequence heterogeneity, variants of PfEMP1 can be stratified into distinct groups.

Aspects of benthic decapod diversity and distribution from rocky nearshore habitat at geographically widely dispersed sites.

Relationships of diversity, distribution and abundance of benthic decapods in intertidal and shallow subtidal waters to 10 m depth are explored based on data obtained using a standardized protocol of globally-distributed samples. Results indicate that decapod species richness overall is low within the nearshore, typically ranging from one to six taxa per site (mean = 4.5).