Subcellular localization requirements and specificities for plant immune receptor Toll-interleukin-1 receptor signaling.

Recent work shed light on how plant intracellular immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family are activated upon pathogen effector recognition to trigger immune responses. Activation of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing NLRs (TNLs) induces receptor oligomerization and close proximity of the TIR domain, which is required for TIR enzymatic activity. TIR-catalyzed small signaling molecules bind to EDS1 family heterodimers and subsequently activate downstream helper NLRs, which function as Ca permeable channel to activate immune responses eventually leading to cell death.

Evaluation of a Non-Parenteral Opioid Analgesia Protocol for Acute Sickle Cell Pain Episodes in Children.

We evaluated a protocol comprising intranasal diamorphine (IND) combined with oral short and modified-release morphine for children at the emergency department (ED) with acute painful episodes of sickle cell disease (SCD). In a retrospective audit of 83 episodes in 38 children, the mean time between arrival in the treatment area and the administration of IND was 10 min (range <5 min to 1.39 h).

Loss of by somatic exchange in stem rust leads to virulence for resistance in wheat.

Race-specific resistance genes protect the global wheat crop from stem rust disease caused by f. sp. () but are often overcome owing to evolution of new virulent races of the pathogen.

Transcranial Doppler Screening in a Regional Care Network for Sickle Cell Disease in the United Kingdom.

The risk of stroke in children screened with transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the United Kingdom is not known. We evaluated a clinician-led program using a risk assessment modified from the STOP protocol. High-risk classification included abnormal velocities in the anterior cerebral artery, and single abnormal scan if initial velocity >220 cm/s (high abnormal) or if preceded by at least 2 conditional scans.

Comparative Analysis of the Flax Immune Receptors L6 and L7 Suggests an Equilibrium-Based Switch Activation Model.

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are central components of the plant immune system. L6 is a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing NLR from flax (Linum usitatissimum) conferring immunity to the flax rust fungus. Comparison of L6 to the weaker allele L7 identified two polymorphic regions in the TIR and the nucleotide binding (NB) domains that regulate both effector ligand-dependent and -independent cell death signaling as well as nucleotide binding to the receptor.

Three sucrose transporter genes are expressed in the developing grain of hexaploid wheat.

A family of three cDNAs, designated TaSUT1A, 1B and 1D, encoding sucrose transporter (SUT) proteins was isolated from a hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm library. The cDNA sequences are 96% identical but are distinguishable from one another by virtue of a size polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR). The predicted amino acid sequences are 98% identical and are highly similar to the sucrose transporters from rice, maize and barley.