Infants with Excessive Weight Gain while Exclusively Breastfeeding: Follow-Up at 36 Months.

Rapid weight gain in infancy is associated with an increased risk of later adiposity. Very rarely, however, exclusively breastfed infants experience excessive weight gain (EWG) during the period of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) when breast milk is the only source of nutrition. We investigated growth and body composition at 36 months in children experiencing EWG during EBF.

Exclusive or partial breastfeeding and estimated protein intake in infancy: Associations with childhood growth and body composition at 7 years of age in the Odense Child Cohort.

Background: Protein intake in infancy influences infant growth, body composition, and possibly metabolic programming later in life. Our objectives were to investigate whether macronutrient content in mother's own milk (MOM) differed between exclusive (EBF) or partial breastfeeding (PBF), including an estimation of protein intake (ePI) during the first 6 months of life. Second, to investigate associations of feeding type and ePI with childhood growth and body composition at 7 years.

Correlates of Body Composition in Children with Stunting: A Cross-sectional Study in Uganda.

Background: Development of body composition (BC) may be disrupted in children with stunting. Such disruption may affect the later risk of excess adiposity and metabolic health, yet few studies have investigated correlates of BC in children with stunting.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate nutritional status, infection and inflammation, breastfeeding behaviors, and other factors as correlates of BC in children with stunting.

Effect of lipid-based nutrient supplements on micronutrient status and hemoglobin among children with stunting: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in Uganda.

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies and anemia are widespread among children with stunting.

Objectives: We assessed the effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) containing milk protein (MP) and/or whey permeate (WP) on micronutrient status and hemoglobin (Hb) among children with stunting.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Correlates of Plasma Citrulline, a Potential Marker of Enterocyte Mass, among Children with Stunting: A Cross-Sectional Study in Uganda.

Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is associated with stunting. Citrulline, produced in mature enterocytes, may be a valuable biomarker of small intestinal enterocyte mass in the context of EED.

Objectives: We aimed to explore the correlates of plasma citrulline (p-cit) in children with stunting.

The Associations of Breastfeeding Status at 6 Months with Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Markers at 5 Years in the Ethiopian Infant Anthropometry and Body Composition Birth Cohort.

(1) Background: Breastfeeding (BF) has been shown to lower the risk of overweight and cardiometabolic disease later in life. However, evidence from low-income settings remains sparse. We examined the associations of BF status at 6 months with anthropometry, body composition (BC), and cardiometabolic markers at 5 years in Ethiopian children.

Maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers and associations with birth and breastfeeding outcomes.

Background: Conditions influence intrauterine and postnatal infant growth and a few studies indicate that maternal inflammation and insulin resistance might affect birth and breastfeeding outcomes. Furthermore, hormones in human milk (HM) may influence infant appetite-regulation and thereby milk intake, but the associations are less understood.

Objective: (1) To investigate associations between maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers and birth and breastfeeding outcomes, and (2) to assess predictors of maternal inflammatory, lipid and metabolic markers in pregnancy.

Effect of maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation on socioemotional wellbeing and physical activity in 13-year-old children: A randomized clinical trial.

Early dietary long-chain n-3PUFA (n-3LCPUFA) may affect brain development. We investigated if fish oil supplementation of lactating mothers affected socioemotional wellbeing in adolescents in a potentially gender-specific manner. At age 13, we invited 92 children of mothers who completed a randomized trial with 1.

Effect of Milk Protein and Whey Permeate in Large-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement on Early Child Development among Children with Stunting: A Randomized 2 × 2 Factorial Trial in Uganda.

Stunting affects 22% children globally, putting them at risk of adverse outcomes including delayed development. We investigated the effect of milk protein (MP) vs. soy and whey permeate (WP) vs.

Effect of milk protein and whey permeate in large quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement on linear growth and body composition among stunted children: A randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial in Uganda.

Background: Despite possible benefits for growth, milk is costly to include in foods for undernourished children. Furthermore, the relative effects of different milk components, milk protein (MP), and whey permeate (WP) are unclear. We aimed to assess the effects of MP and WP in lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS), and of LNS itself, on linear growth and body composition among stunted children.

Early Nutrition and Its Effect on Growth, Body Composition, and Later Obesity.

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Associations between Stunting, Wasting and Body Composition: A Longitudinal Study in 6- to 15-Month-Old Kenyan Children.

Background: Early growth and body composition may influence the risk of obesity and health in adulthood. Few studies have examined how undernutrition is associated with body composition in early life.

Objectives: We assessed stunting and wasting as correlates of body composition in young Kenyan children.

Vitamin D status of 3-year-old children in Denmark: determinants and associations with bone mineralisation and blood lipids.

Purpose: Low vitamin D status is a global problem and has been associated with reduced skeletal and cardiometabolic health. However, evidence in young children is lacking. We, therefore, aimed to characterise vitamin D status in toddlers, identify its determinants, and explore if vitamin D status was associated with bone mineralisation and lipid profile.

Nesfatin-1 in Human Milk and Its Association with Infant Anthropometry.

Breastfed infants have different growth patterns to formula-fed infants and are less likely to develop obesity later in life. Nesfatin-1 is an anorexigenic adipokine that was discovered in human milk more than a decade ago, and its role in infant appetite regulation is not clear. Our aim was to describe nesfatin-1 levels in human milk collected 3-4 months postpartum, associations with infant anthropometry, and factors (maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (mBMI), high weight gain during pregnancy, milk fat, and energy content) possibly influencing nesfatin-1 levels.

Associations between maternal adiposity and appetite-regulating hormones in human milk are mediated through maternal circulating concentrations and might affect infant outcomes.

Background: Appetite-regulating hormones (ARH) in human milk (HM) are suggested to affect infants' milk intake and possibly infant growth. Maternal adiposity might contribute to higher levels of ARH in HM, either from the mammary gland or from raised circulating levels due to higher adiposity. Counterfactual-based mediation analysis can define indirect and direct effects between HM ARH and maternal and infant factors, and might be an important tool when investigating the mother-milk-infant triad.

Wholegrain intake, growth and metabolic markers in Danish infants and toddlers: a longitudinal study.

Purpose: Wholegrain intake is linked to lower risk of lifestyle diseases, but little is known about its role in growth and metabolic health during the first years of life. We characterized wholegrain and dietary fibre intake in 439 Danish children at 9 and 36 months of age and explored associations with height z-scores (HAZ), body mass index z-scores (BMIZ) and metabolic markers.

Methods: We used pooled data from two infant cohorts and estimated intakes of total wholegrain, dietary fibre and wholegrain subtypes from 7-day dietary records.

Birthweight z-score and fat-free mass at birth predict body composition at 3 years in Danish children born from obese mothers.

Aim: We investigated associations between newborn body composition and anthropometry and body composition at 3 years in Danish children born from obese mothers.

Methods: Analyses are based on data from the observational cohort study SKOT II (SKOT; small children's diet and well-being (Danish)). Body composition at birth and at 3 years was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), respectively.

Lipid-based nutrient supplement at initiation of antiretroviral therapy does not substitute energy from habitual diet among HIV patients - a secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial in Ethiopia.

Introduction: Malnutrition is common among people with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutritional supplementation at initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) has shown beneficial effects, but it is not known if supplementation replaces or supplements the habitual energy intake in a context of food insecurity.

Methods: As part of a randomised controlled trial among people with HIV initiating ART in Ethiopia, we assessed whether the provision of a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) affected energy intake from the habitual diet.

Serum cobalamin in children with moderate acute malnutrition in Burkina Faso: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial.

Background: Among children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) the level of serum cobalamin (SC) and effect of food supplements are unknown. We aimed to assess prevalence and correlates of low SC in children with MAM, associations with hemoglobin and development, and effects of food supplements on SC.

Methods And Findings: A randomized 2 × 2 × 3 factorial trial was conducted in Burkina Faso.

Similar effects of milk protein and blends of milk and plant-based protein on appetite-related hormones in 7- to 8-year-old healthy Danish children: secondary analyses from the PROGRO randomised trial.

Aim: The effect of different protein sources on the appetite-related hormones in children is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of milk protein versus blends of milk and rapeseed protein on plasma leptin and adiponectin in children.

Methods: We included 88 Danish 7- to 8-year-old children randomised to receive 35 g protein/day for 4 weeks in 2018 as either milk protein or blends of milk and rapeseed protein (ratio 54:46 or 30:70).