The effective Ni(II) removal of red mud modified chitosan from aqueous solution.

This study used red mud modified with chitosan (RM/CS) as a novel adsorbent to remove Ni(II) ions from an aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by the techniques of the BET method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. According to the findings, the surface area of RM/CS is nearly doubled compared to CS, from 68.

Pb(II) adsorption mechanism and capability from aqueous solution using red mud modified by chitosan.

Red mud modified by chitosan (RM/CS) was utilized as an adsorbent to effectively remove Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The surface area of RM/CS was found to significantly increase by more than 50% compared to that of original red mud. Different factors that affected the Pb(II) removal on this material, such as initial Pb(II) concentration, pH, and contact time, were investigated.

HTDMA-modified bentonite clay for effective removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution.

This work studies the Pb(II) removal onto bentonite clay modified by hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA). Characterizations of the unmodified and modified materials were performed by using XRD, SEM, TG-DSC, FT-IR, and BET surface area analyses. Factors influencing the uptake of Pb(II) from aqueous solution, such as pH, ion strength, uptake time, adsorbent dosage, and initial Pb(II) concentration, were examined.

A Cross-Sectional Investigation of the Quality of Selected Medicines for Noncommunicable Diseases in Private Community Drug Outlets in Cambodia during 2011-2013.

Although the issue of substandard and falsified medicines is quite well known, most research has focused on medicines used to treat communicable diseases, and relatively little research has been carried out on the quality of medicines for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This study was designed to assess the quality of seven widely used medicines for NCDs in Cambodia during 2011-2013. Medicines were collected from private community drug outlets in Phnom Penh (urban area), by stratified random sampling and in Battambang, Kandal, Kampong Speu, and Takeo (rural areas) by convenience sampling.

A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Verification of Globalization of Falsified Medicines in Cambodia, Indicated by Tablets of Sildenafil Citrate.

Medicine falsification is a global issue. Viagra, an erectile dysfunction therapeutic (EDT) medicine consisting primarily of sildenafil citrate, is the most commonly falsified medicine worldwide. Recently falsified EDTs have been reported multiple times in developing countries.

Quality of omeprazole purchased via the Internet and personally imported into Japan: comparison with products sampled in other Asian countries.

Objective: To evaluate the quality of omeprazole personally imported into Japan via the Internet and to compare the quality of these samples with previously collected samples from two other Asian countries.

Methods: The samples were evaluated by observation, authenticity investigation and pharmacopoeial quality analysis. Quality comparison of some selected samples was carried out by dissolution profiling, Raman spectroscopy and principle component analysis (PCA).

Erroneous formulation of delayed-release omeprazole capsules: alert for importing countries.

Background: Poor drug quality is a matter of serious concern, especially in countries where drug regulation and law enforcement are constrained by limited resources. This study was carried out to investigate the cause of quality failure of omeprazole in Cambodia in 2010 and Myanmar in 2014.

Methods: We conducted pharmacopoeial quantity, content uniformity and dissolution tests of 156 samples of omeprazole capsules collected in Cambodia in 2010 and Myanmar in 2014.

A cross-sectional investigation of the quality of selected medicines in Cambodia in 2010.

Background: Access to good-quality medicines in many countries is largely hindered by the rampant circulation of spurious/falsely labeled/falsified/counterfeit (SFFC) and substandard medicines. In 2006, the Ministry of Health of Cambodia, in collaboration with Kanazawa University, Japan, initiated a project to combat SFFC medicines.

Methods: To assess the quality of medicines and prevalence of SFFC medicines among selected products, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in Cambodia.

Perceptions and practices of pharmaceutical wholesalers surrounding counterfeit medicines in a developing country: a baseline survey.

Background: Recent investigations by the Ministry of Health of Cambodia suggest that counterfeit medicines have been introduced into the pharmaceutical market in tampered packaging. To further explore this possibility, an interview survey was conducted at the wholesaler level to investigate the medicinal supply chain in Cambodia.

Methods: Managing executives of 62 (83.

Family name distributions: master equation approach.

Although cumulative family name distributions in many countries exhibit power-law forms, there also exist counterexamples. The origin of different family name distributions across countries is discussed analytically in the framework of a population dynamics model. Combined with empirical observations made, it is suggested that those differences in distributions are closely related to the rate of appearance of new family names.