Stress fractures in uncommon location: Six case reports and review of the literature.

Background: Individuals' interest in sports activities has been increasing, contributing to more stress fracture occurrences in uncommon locations on the skeleton. In this study, several cases of stress fractures in atypical locations are presented, and the possibility of combining diagnostic methods to make accurate and quick diagnoses is explored. Additionally, different causes of stress fractures, as well as various modalities of treatment, are highlighted.

Whole-cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP) has no influence on allergic diseases and atopic sensitization in children.

Introduction: Vaccine opponents indicate that the infant's immune system is inadequately developed to handle multiple vaccines which may overwhelm the immune system, leading to allergic diseases.

Aim: To verify the association between the vaccine antigen overload derived from DTwP and the development of atopic sensitization and allergic diseases.

Material And Methods: Data from an earlier established birth cohort in Krakow, followed up to the 6 year of life were used.

The relationship between selected body fatness indices and the level of blood interleukin-6 in female nursing home residents aged 80+ years without inflammation: A pilot study.

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production facilitates a shift from acute to chronic inflammation that may induce the development of some diseases and aging. Several studies have suggested that adiposity is closely related to serum IL-6 level, but their authors examined relatively young older adults (aged 60-80 years), so it is not clear whether this association would also occur in people at a more advanced age.

Objective: to assess whether in elderly women without inflammation the widely used anthropometric obesity indices are associated with serum IL-6 level and, if so, to determine the best anthropometric predictor of this inflammatory biomarker.

What mother know about vaccine preventable diseases?

Introduction And Objective: The improving epidemiological situation of the most of communicable diseases causes, that the real and potential risks attributable to them have been forgotten. The aim of study was to determine the mothers knowledge about vaccine preventable diseases

Materials And Methods: A survey was conducted among 177 randomly selected mothers. The interviews with mothers hospitalized after childbearing in two hospitals in Krakow and Myslenice were conducted at the end of 2014 and in 2015

Results: The assessment of risk to develop an infectious diseases in unvaccinated children significantly varied among mothers.

Aging effect on the instrumented Timed-Up-and-Go test variables in nursing home women aged 80-93 years.

Although the total "Timed-Up-and Go" test (TUG) performance time can characterize an age-related decline of general mobility, this result alone doesn't give any detailed information about the test subtasks. The primary objective of the study was to identify in nursing home women a variable extracted from instrumented TUG (iTUG) that is the best predictor of age. The secondary objective was to assess whether this variable is associated with the results of the isometric knee extension peak torque (IKEPT); lower limb strength measured by the 30-s chair stand test (30sCST), and walking capacity measured by the 6-min walk test (6MWT).

Epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms in Krakow and Krakow district in 2007-2011.

Introduction: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEPNEN) are rare and heterogeneous tumours with variable biology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of GEPNEN in the population of Krakow and Krakow district in 2007-2011.

Material And Methods: The Database of the Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, comprising the data on NEN cases collected from the Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow and from independent sources: surgery, pathology, and endocrinology departments located in the Krakow area, was searched for cases of GEPNEN patients living in Krakow and Krakow district, diagnosed between 2007 and 2011.

Opinions about vaccination among mothers who delivered newborns in two hospitals in Krakow and Myślenice.

Introduction And Objective: Campaigns against vaccinations in Poland have been increasingly more frequently observed in recent years, that was the reason of bigger number of parents refusing a consent for their children immunization. The aim of study was to determine the sources of information which significantly influence mothers’ opinions about vaccinations.

Materials And Methods: A survey was conducted among 154 randomly selected mothers hospitalized after childbearing in two hospitals in Krakow and Myslenice at the end of 2014 and in 2015.

The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in preventing acute gastroenteritis during rotavirus seasons among Polish children.

Introduction: Rotavirus is the main etiological cause of intestinal infections in children. Voluntary rotavirus vaccines were included in the Polish vaccination schedule in 2007. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a completed rotavirus vaccination course in preventing acute gastroenteritis in Polish infants during their first five years of life.

Incomplete oral sanation as a risk factor for elevated leucocytosis and postoperative infection.

Background: Patients after cardiac surgery are particularly at risk of infections. The oral cavity is a potential source of bacteria.

Aim: To assess of influence of incomplete oral sanation on the probability of occurrence of infection in the postoperative period.

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a 10-year experience of a single center.

Introduction: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) constitute a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors with varied biology.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the clinical characteristics of patients with GEP-NEN and identify factors influencing their 5-year survival.

Patients And Methods: The study included 122 patients living in Kraków or its administrative region, who were diagnosed with GEP-NEN between 2002 and 2011.

Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, antioxidant levels and behavioral development of children ages 6-9.

Purpose: Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure has been shown to increase DNA adduct levels and to affect neurodevelopment. Micronutrients may modify the adverse effect of PAH on neurodevelopment. Thus, we examined if micronutrient concentrations modified the association between PAH exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Sensitivity of passive diarrhea surveillance in infants up to the second year of life in Małopolskie voivodeship.

Introduction: In EU countries and also in Poland, the surveillance of infectious acute gastro-enteritis is a mandatory system based on cases notification (suspected and confirm) conducted by physicians in hospitals and ambulatory care.

Study Objective: The assessment of surveillance sensitivity on acute diarrhea in children up to 2nd year of life in Małopolskie voivodeship from 2009 to 2012.

Material And Methods: The data about 720 infants surveyed respectively from birth up to 2nd year of life were used in this study.

Early exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccines and children's cognitive development. A 9-year prospective birth cohort study in Poland.

Unlabelled: The controversial topic of the early exposure to mercury is regarding ethylmercury, which is present in the thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs). The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the early exposure to TCVs and cognitive development in children during the first 9 years of life. The cohort included 318 children vaccinated in an early period (neonatal and up to 6 months) against hepatitis B and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) using formulation with or without thimerosal.

Four-and-one-half years' experience in monitoring of reproducibility of an MR spectroscopy system--application of in vitro results to interpretation of in vivo data.

The primary purpose of this work was to assess long-term in vitro reproducibility of metabolite levels measured using 1H MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy). The secondary purpose was to use the in vitro results for interpretation of 1H MRS in vivo spectra acquired from patients diagnosed with Canavan disease. 1H MRS measurements were performed in the period from April 2006 to September 2010.

Oral hygiene in population of southern Poland.

Aims: Proper oral hygiene is an important element in the prevention of many diseases. Oral hygiene habits different depending on the place of residence, age and public awareness. The aim of the study was assessment of oral hygiene habits in a group of patients admitted for cardiac surgery.

Usefulness of maternal assessment of children development based on reported age of achieved milestones.

Study Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the usefulness of maternal recall of selected developmental milestones by testing their correlations with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II).

Material And Methods: Prospective cohort study. The cohort recruited prenatally, included 387 children.

Stability of the mental and motor Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd ed.) in infants over first three years of life.

Unlabelled: Despite the Bayley Scales of Infant Development second edition (BSID-II) are wide used both clinically and in research settings, only a few published studies have been examined their stability over time.

Aim Of Study: The aim of this study was to examine the stability of mental and motor BSID-II scores over the first three years of life.

Material And Methods: All children included in this study were a sample followed up in a study on the susceptibility of the fetus and child to environmental factors.

Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination has no effect on cognitive development in children - the results of the Polish prospective cohort study.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the hypothesis that MMR exposure has a negative influence on cognitive development in children. Furthermore, MMR was compared to single measles vaccine to determine the potential difference of these vaccines safety regarding children's cognitive development.

Methods: The prospective birth cohort study with sample consisted of 369 infants born in Krakow.

[Factors determining students' knowledge on wild mushrooms].

A survey was conducted among students of university schools in Nowy Sacz, Biała Podlaska and Zamość to determine the guidelines of mushroom poisoning prevention. The study included 580 people. The dependence of knowledge about mushrooms from the place of origin of students, frequency of participation in mushrooming, preferred sources of information about mushrooms, major of study and self-competence in discsriminating of mushrooms was determined.

Neonatal exposure to Thimerosal from vaccines and child development in the first 3 years of life.

Background: Despite the common use of Thimerosal as a preservative in childhood vaccines since the 1930s, there are not many studies on ethylmercury toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in infants. The knowledge of ethylmercury's potential adverse effects is derived mostly from parallel methylmercury research or from animal and theoretical models.

Aim Of The Study: This study was designed to examine the relationship between neonatal exposure to Thimerosal-containing vaccine (TCV) and child development.

[Lack of association between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism].

In Poland, administered childhood vaccines still contain thimerosal as a preservative. Despite the access to mercury free formulas, the most of children are still vaccinated by thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCV) owing to economical reasons. That circumstances caused the rising discussion on potential harmful influence of TCVs on children health.

[Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in a 2 year old boy with prenatally diagnosed retroperitoneal tumour].

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, also named Myoclonic Encephalopathy of Infants, Opsoclonus- Myoclonus Ataxia, Dancing Eyes - Dancing Feet Syndrome, Dancing Eyes Syndrome, Kinsbourne syndrome, is a rare, paraneoplastic or possibly post-viral chronic neurological disorder. The age of presentation ranges from 6 months to 3 years. In 50% of affected children the syndrome is associated with an underlying occult or clinically apparent neuroblastoma.

[The parents opinion on the risk factors of autism in their children].

The mothers' opinions about the reasons of their children autism have been collected during case-control study on risk factors of that disease. The relationship between different opinions and mothers' characteristics have been analyzed. The categories of autism reasons mentioned by mothers have been related to the current knowledge about the risk factors of disease.

Discovery of N-(1-ethylpropyl)-[3-methoxy-5-(2-methoxy-4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-pyrazin-2-yl]amine 59 (NGD 98-2): an orally active corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF-1) receptor antagonist.

The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of pyrazines, acting as corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF-1) receptor antagonists, are described. Synthetic methodologies were developed to prepare a number of substituted pyrazine cores utilizing regioselective halogenation and chemoselective derivatization. Noteworthy, an efficient 5-step synthesis was developed for the lead compound 59 (NGD 98-2), which required no chromatography.