Effective dose of dexmedetomidine to induce adequate sedation in elderly patients under spinal anesthesia.

Background: During sedation with dexmedetomidine, a dose adjustment may be needed based on the invasiveness of the procedure, the patient's general condition, and their age. We aim here to determine the effective dose (ED) of dexmedetomidine to induce an adequate depth of sedation in elderly patients undergoing spinal anesthesia.

Methods: In this study, 47 patients aged 65 years or older, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, undergoing spinal anesthesia were included.

Frequency of unexpected antibody and consideration during transfusion.

Background: In this retrospective study, we measured the frequency of unexpected antibodies in the blood. Specific considerations for preoperative preparations were kept in mind for the patients undergoing surgery positive for these antibodies.

Methods: After reviewing the results of antibody screening tests lasted for 2 years, the frequency of unexpected antibodies was determined.