GLP-1 has been found to reduce the apoptosis (cell death) of pancreatic β-cells caused by high glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.
A brief 30-minute treatment with GLP-1 protects these cells by activating a specific signaling pathway (PI3K/AKT-S473), which leads to the suppression of another protein called FoxO-1.
The study concludes that the protective effects of GLP-1 against glucotoxicity involve complex interactions within cell signaling pathways, particularly the PI3K/mTORC2/AKT-S473 system.