Larvicidal and enzyme inhibition effects of Phoenix pusilla derived Methyl oleate and malathion on Aedes aegypti strains.

This study explores the larvicidal potential of methanolic flower extracts from Phoenix pusilla (Pp-Fe), its major compound, and malathion (MLT), against laboratory strain (LS) and field strain (FS) of Aedes aegypti, the dengue mosquito vector. We identified thirty-one derivatives, with methyl oleate (MO) comprising 28.5% of Pp-Fe.

Predictors of a Successful Outcome Following a Thoracic Erector Spinae Plane Block for Cervical Radiculopathy.

Background: The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is an interfascial plane block for managing neuropathic thoracic pain. Although the ESPB is applied widely in various clinical situations, no studies have evaluated the association between the analgesic outcomes of the ESPB and the numerical changes in the perfusion index (PI) and PI ratio.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between the clinical response following ESPB and other possible factors, including changes in the PI and PI ratio.

Phytometabolites from coral jasmine flower extracts: Toxic effects on Spodoptera litura and enzyme inhibition in nontarget earthworm Eisenia fetida as an alternative approach.

Green pesticides, derived from natural sources, have gained wider attention as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for managing polyphagous pests, such as Spodoptera litura. In this study, the methanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Mx-Na-t) was subjected to chemical screening, and 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridone (3H-dp) and tyrosol (Ty-ol) were identified as the major derivatives. The toxic effects of Mx-Na-t (500 ppm) were highest in third-instar S.

Chemical composition and toxicity of commercial Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils on Culex quinquefasciatus and non-target insects.

Current vector control strategies based on synthetic chemicals are not eco-friendly against non-target organisms; hence, alternative approaches are highly required. Commercially purchased oil of Mentha spicata (Spearmint) and Eucalyptus citriodora (Citriodora) were examined against the medical pest Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say) and their non-toxicity on the aquatic species was evaluated.

Predictors of a Favorable Response to Erector Spinae Plane Block for Lumbosacral Radiculopathy.

Background: The erector spinae plane block (ESPB), which was introduced to manage the thoracic pain, is a technical easy and less invasive ultrasound-guided technique. Although the ESPB is used widely in various clinical situations, no studies have evaluated the association between the clinical outcomes of the ESPB and the numerical changes of the perfusion index (PI).

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between the clinical response following ESPB and other possible factors including the changes of PI.

IKKβ regulates antimicrobial innate immune responses in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor.

Toll and IMD pathways regulate antimicrobial innate immune responses in insect model systems. The transcriptional activation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) confers humoral immunity in the host against invaded pathogens. The IKK kinase complex (IKKα, IKKβ, and the regulatory subunit IKKγ/NEMO) centrally regulates the NF-κB response to various stimuli.

Comparison of postoperative back pain between paramedian and midline approach for thoracic epidural anesthesia.

Background: The development of back pain following epidural analgesia is one reason for patient refusal of neuraxial analgesia. The primary endpoint of this study was to compare the incidence and severity of back pain following midline and paramedian epidural technique. The secondary endpoint was to identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of back pain.

Comparison of Intravascular Uptake Using Touhy or Quincke Needle During Lumbar Medial Branch Block.

Background: Inadvertent intravascular injection of local anesthetics can lead to false negative results following a lumbar medial branch block (MBB) performed to diagnose facet joint origin pain. A previous study demonstrated that the type of needle could affect the incidence of intravascular injection rates.

Objectives: The primary endpoint of this study was to compare the incidence of intravascular injection during lumbar MBB between the Quincke and Touhy needles.

Comparison of Increase in the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter between Epidural Saline and Contrast Medium Injections.

Background: Normal saline or contrast medium is one of the widely used injection materials during fluoroscopic guided injections. Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement is a reliable and noninvasive method for intracranial pressure evaluation.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the increase in ONSD and cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) between normal saline and contrast medium when they were injected into the epidural space.

IKKε Is Required to Confer Protection Against Gram-Negative Bacteria, by the Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Production in the Fat Body.

The inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) kinase (IKK) is the core regulator of the NF-κB pathway against pathogenic invasion in vertebrates or invertebrates. IKKβ, -ε and -γ have pivotal roles in the Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways. In this study, a homolog of IKKε (IKKε) was identified from RNA sequence database and functionally characterized for its role in regulating immune signaling pathways in insects.

Effect of Iron Content on Corrosion Properties of Pure Titanium as Grain Refiner.

Microstructures and corrosion properties of pure titanium were characterized when iron was used as a grain refiner. The added Fe element acted as a strong grain refiner for pure titanium by forming β Ti phase at grain boundaries, and 0.15 wt% Fe was revealed to be a sufficient amount to make the grain size of pure titanium below 20 μm, which was the requirement for the desired titanium cathode.

Spätzle 1b Is Required to Confer Antibacterial Defense Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides.

Innate immunity is the ultimate line of defense against invading pathogens in insects. Unlike in the mammalian model, in the insect model, invading pathogens are recognized by extracellular receptors, which activate the Toll signaling pathway through an extracellular serine protease cascade. In the Toll-NF-κB pathway, the extracellular spätzle protein acts as a downstream ligand for Toll receptors in insects.

Spz-like Plays a Fundamental Role in Response to but Not or Infection in via Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptide Production.

The cystine knot protein Spätzle is a Toll receptor ligand that modulates the intracellular signaling cascade involved in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated regulation of antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-encoding genes. Spätzle-mediated activation of the Toll pathway is critical for the innate immune responses of insects against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. In this study, the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of from () identified from the RNA sequencing dataset was cloned and sequenced.

Current knowledge of immune priming in invertebrates, emphasizing studies on Tenebrio molitor.

Vertebrates rely on the most sophisticated adaptive immunity to defend themselves against various pathogens. This includes immunologic memory cells, which mount a stronger and more effective immune response against an antigen after its first encounter. Unlike vertebrates, invertebrates' defense completely depends on the innate immunity mechanisms including humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

IKKγ/NEMO Is Required to Confer Antimicrobial Innate Immune Responses in the Yellow Mealworm, .

IKK/NEMO is the regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway. Within the IKK complex, IKK/NEMO is the non-catalytic subunit, whereas IKK and IKK are the structurally related catalytic subunits. In this study, was screened from the RNA-Seq database and functionally characterized using RNAi screening for its role in regulating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes after microbial challenges.

Autophagy-Related Gene 8 () Is Required to Confer Anti-Bacterial Gut Immunity.

Autophagy is an important process by which pathogens and damaged or unused organelles are eliminated. The role of autophagy in development and the immune response to pathogens is well established. Autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) is involved in the formation of the autophagosome and, with the help of the serine protease Atg4, mediates the delivery of both vesicles and the autophagosome to the vacuole.

Author Correction: TmRelish is required for regulating the antimicrobial responses to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Tenebrio molitor.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

TmRelish is required for regulating the antimicrobial responses to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Tenebrio molitor.

Relish, a transcription factor, is a critical downstream component of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway and regulates host defense against bacterial infection by mediating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) synthesis. Understanding the immunological function of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor Relish (TmRelish) will be instructive in understanding insect immunity. In the present study, full-length ORF of TmRelish was retrieved from T.

Atg6 Plays an Important Role in Anti-Microbial Defense Against in the Mealworm, .

Autophagy-related gene-6 (Beclin-1 in mammals) plays a pivotal role in autophagy and is involved in autophagosome formation and autolysosome maturation. In this study, we identified and characterized the autophagy-related gene-6 from () and analyzed its functional role in the survival of the insect against infection. The expression of was studied using qRT-PCR for the assessment of the transcript levels at various developmental stages in the different tissues.

TmDorX2 positively regulates antimicrobial peptides in Tenebrio molitor gut, fat body, and hemocytes in response to bacterial and fungal infection.

Dorsal, a member of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family of transcription factors, is a critical downstream component of the Toll pathway that regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against pathogen invasion. In this study, the full-length ORF of Dorsal was identified from the RNA-seq database of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor (TmDorX2). The ORF of TmDorX2 was 1,482 bp in length, encoding a polypeptide of 493 amino acid residues.

Spark Plasma Sintering Behavior of Nb-Mo-Si Alloy Powders Fabricated by Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation Method.

In this study, the sintering behaviors of Nb-6Mo-20Si-3Cr (at percentage) in situ composite powders were studied. The Nb alloy powder was fabricated by a hydrogenation-dehydrogenation method, and both the alloy ingot and powders consisted of two phases: An Nb metal phase and the α-NbSi phase. Consolidation of the alloy powders was performed at 1500, 1600, and 1700 °C using spark plasma sintering, and the microstructures and phases formed at various sintering temperatures were analyzed.

Variation of Mechanical Characteristics of Polyurethane Foam: Effect of Test Method.

Polyurethane foam (PUF), a representative insulation material, not only prevents heat conduction but can also support a load. Particular interest in rigid PUF proliferated over the past several years in fields where extreme environments are applied. A closed-cell structure which forms the interior of rigid PUF serves to maximize the utilization of these polymeric foams.

Regulation of the expression of nine antimicrobial peptide genes by TmIMD confers resistance against Gram-negative bacteria.

Immune deficiency (IMD) is a death domain-containing protein that is essential for the IMD/NF-κB humoral and epithelial immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria and viruses in insects. In the immune signaling cascade, IMD is recruited together with FADD and the caspase DREDD after the mobilization of PGRP receptors. Activated IMD regulates the expression of effector antimicrobial peptides (AMP) that protect against invading microorganisms.

TmToll-7 Plays a Crucial Role in Innate Immune Responses Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Regulating 5 AMP Genes in .

Although it is known that the Toll-7 receptor plays a critical role in antiviral autophagy, its function in other insects has not yet been reported. Here, we have identified a Toll-like receptor 7 gene, , in the coleopteran insect and examined its potential role in antibacterial and antifungal immunity. We showed that expression was significantly induced in larvae 6 h after infection with and and 9 h after infection with .

Molecular Cloning and Effects of -Silencing on Larval Survivability Against and in .

The 14-3-3 family of proteins performs key regulatory functions in phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways including cell survival and proliferation, apoptosis, regulation of chromatin structure and autophagy. In this study, the zeta isoform of 14-3-3 proteins (designated as Tm14-3-3ζ) was identified from the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) database of the coleopteran pest, . messenger RNA (mRNA) is expressed at higher levels in the immune organs of the larval and adult stages of the insect and exhibit almost five-fold induction within 3 h post-infection of the larvae with and .