Cadmium phytoavailability from 1976 through 2016: Changes in soil amended with phosphate fertilizer and compost.

This study aimed to determine cadmium (Cd) accumulation in arable soil, changes in Cd extractability and relevant soil properties, and Cd uptake by rice plants after long-term (50 years) application of phosphate (P) fertilizer and compost. A long-term field experiment was performed with rice crops from 1967 to 2016. Treatments included nitrogen and potassium fertilization (NK), nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium fertilization (NPK), nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium fertilization with compost application (NPK + compost), and control.