Molecular Markers Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops: A Review.

Plants endure many abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or frost), drought, and salt. Such factors are primary and frequent stressors that reduce agriculture crop yields. Often alterations in nutrient management and constituents, along with variations in biosynthetic capacity, ultimately reduce or halt plant growth.

Silencing of the phytoene desaturase () gene affects the expression of fruit-ripening genes in tomatoes.

Background: Past research has shown that virus-induced phytoene desaturase () gene silencing via agroinjection in the attached and detached fruit of tomato plants results in a pale-yellow fruit phenotype. Although the gene is often used as a marker for gene silencing in tomatoes, little is known about the role of in fruit ripening. In this study, we investigated whether the pepper gene silenced endogenous genes in the fruit of two tomato cultivars, Dotaerang Plus and Legend Summer.

Enhancement of Low pH Stress Tolerance in Anthocyanin-Enriched Transgenic Petunia Overexpressing Gene.

We investigated whether the presence of anthocyanins in plants could contribute to low pH stress tolerance using anthocyanin-enriched transgenic petunia lines (PM2, PM6, and PM8) expressing and wild-type (WT) plants. We examined several physiological and biochemical factors and the transcript levels of genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance. A reduction in plant growth, including plant height and fresh weight, was observed when plants (PM2, PM6, PM8, and WT) were exposed to low pH (pH 3.

Overexpression of From Snapdragon Enhances Anthocyanin Accumulation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco.

The co-expression of () and () regulates anthocyanin levels in snapdragon flowers, as well as in tomato, petunia, and tobacco. However, there is little information on how expression alone controls anthocyanin regulation and whether it is involved in the mechanism that leads to abiotic stress tolerance. In the present study, tobacco ( 'Xanthi') transgenic plants overexpressing (T-, T-, T-, and T-) promoted accumulation of anthocyanin in leaves and flowers by elevating the transcription of all key genes involved in the biosynthesis of this pigment.

Role of Nano-silver and the Bacterial Strain in Increasing Vase Life of Cut Carnation 'Omea'.

We investigated the role of nano-silver (NAg) and the bacterial strain in increasing the vase life of cut carnation flowers 'Omea.' NAg treatment extended vase life of the flowers by increasing relative fresh weight, antioxidant activities, and expression level of the cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene (), and by suppressing bacterial blockage in stem segments, ethylene production and expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes and gene, compared with the control. Out of all the treatments, administration of 25 mg L NAg gave the best results for all the analyzed parameters.

Characterization of the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) involved in long vase life of different carnation cultivars.

Background: Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been previously shown to extend the vase life of various cut flowers; however, its positive effect on extending vase life of carnations has not been well documented. Moreover, the role of SNP in the mechanisms underlying determination of vase life of cut carnations has also not been well addressed.

Results: SNP increased vase life of Tico Viola carnations along with their relative fresh weight (RFW).

Overexpression of snapdragon Delila (Del) gene in tobacco enhances anthocyanin accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance.

Background: Rosea1 (Ros1) and Delila (Del) co-expression controls anthocyanin accumulation in snapdragon flowers, while their overexpression in tomato strongly induces anthocyanin accumulation. However, little data exist on how Del expression alone influences anthocyanin accumulation.

Results: In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi'), Del expression enhanced leaf and flower anthocyanin production through regulating NtCHS, NtCHI, NtF3H, NtDFR, and NtANS transcript levels.

Elimination of chrysanthemum stunt viroid and chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid from infected chrysanthemum by cryopreservation.

Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Borami' and 'Secret Pink' showing symptoms of stunt disease caused by chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and 'Yellow Cap' showing chlorotic mottle disease caused by chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) were confirmed to be infected by the respective viroids by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Real-time PCR results showed that the viroid concentrations in the infected cultivars varied between the different regions of origin (Chilgok, Gumi, and Gyeongsan). We applied a cryopreservation protocol for elimination of CSVd from naturally infected 'Borami' collected from Gumi, showing the lowest concentration of CSVd, by varying several factors such as plant vitrification solutions (PVS2 and PVS3), duration of exposure to liquid nitrogen, shoot-tip size, and low-temperature treatment.

Factors influencing in vitro shoot regeneration from leaf segments of Chrysanthemum.

The objective of this research was to develop an efficient protocol for shoot regeneration from leaf segments of the Chrysanthemum cv. Vivid Scarlet by examining the effects of plant growth regulators, dark incubation period, gelling agents, and silver nitrate. The highest number of shoots per explant (12.

Genetic diversity among Korean bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) ecotypes characterized by morphological, cytological and molecular approaches.

The genus Cynodon comprises ten species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of Korean bermudagrasses at the morphological, cytological and molecular levels. Morphological parameters, the nuclear DNA content and ploidy levels were observed in 43 bermudagrass ecotypes.