Effect of gender, diabetes duration, inflammatory cytokines, and vitamin D level on bone mineral density among Thai children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is considered a risk factor for osteoporosis in adults; however, studies in bone mineral density (BMD) in children with T1DM reported conflicting results. The aim of this study was to compare BMD between T1DM youth and healthy controls, and to identify factors that affect BMD in T1DM youth.

Methods: One hundred T1DM youths and 100 healthy controls (both groups aged 5-20 years) were recruited.

Vitamin D pathway gene polymorphisms, vitamin D level, and cytokines in children with type 1 diabetes.

Aims: The study aimed to examine genetic polymorphism of vitamin D-related genes and association between those genes and vitamin D and cytokines levels in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Materials And Methods: This study was conducted among 100 T1D children and 100 controls at Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, during 2016 to 2018. Vitamin D metabolite levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, serum cytokine levels of IFN- ɣ, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α by immunoassay, and genetic variations at VDR, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, GC, DHCR7, and CYP24A1 by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.