Intracellular ROS production and apoptotic effect of quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids on the growth of Trypanosoma evansi.

Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate poses huge economic threat to the livestock industry of several countries of Asia, Africa, South America and Europe continents of the world. Limited number of available chemical drugs, incidents of growing drug resistance, and related side effects encouraged the use of herbal substitutes. In the present investigation, the impact of six alkaloids of quinoline and isoquinoline group was evaluated on the growth and multiplication of Trypanosoma evansi and their cytotoxic effect was examined on horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an in vitro system.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of berberine chloride: Phyto-alternative approach against Trypanosoma evansi infection.

Current chemotherapy against the Surra organism, Trypanosoma evansi has several limitations in terms of efficacy, toxicity, availability and emerging resistance. These reasons make the search of new chemo-preventive and chemo-therapeutic agent with high potency and low toxicity. Alkaloid phyto-molecules, berberine has shown promising anti-kinetoplastid activity against T.

Exploring the potential of invariable surface glycoprotein (ISG65) as promising antigen for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection.

Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate protozoan, leads to wasting disease, surra in livestock animals causing huge economic losses. Currently, the preferred assay for surra diagnosis is whole cell lysate (WCL) based ELISA, which requires the use of rodents for WCL preparation. To avoid use of laboratory animals, we used recombinant DNA technology to express T.

Immunosorbent assay for detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection in multiple host species using chimeric protein A/G conjugate.

Surra caused by an extracellular hemoflagellate, Trypanosoma evansi, leads to severe economic loss to livestock productivity in India. Among the various mammalian pathogenic trypanosomes, T. evansi has the widest host range.

Mechanism of Action and Implication of Naphthoquinone as Potent Anti-trypanosomal Drugs.

Naphthoquinone is a heterocyclic moiety whose natural derivatives are present as bioactive compounds in many plants and have stimulated a resurgence of interest in the past decades due to their wide range of pharmacological activities. Naphthoquinone agents have dynamic pharmacophores and privileged sub-structures in the chemistry of medicine. They have received much interest in drug discovery as trypanocidal because naphthoquinone and their derivatives revealed massive significance potential against the trypanosomes.

Use of recombinant calflagin protein as a potential candidate for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection.

Serodiagnosis of surra, caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is still based on native antigens purified from bloodstream form of T. evansi grown in rodents. In order to investigate prospective diagnostic possibilities as an alternative for native antigens, we cloned, expressed 26 kDa calflagin protein containing 218 amino acids from T.

In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways.

High cytotoxicity and increasing resistance reports of existing chemotherapeutic agents against T. evansi have raised the demand for novel, potent, and high therapeutic index molecules for the treatment of surra in animals. In this regard, repurposing approach of drug discovery has provided an opportunity to explore the therapeutic potential of existing drugs against new organism.

Natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives as potential drug molecules against trypanosome parasites.

Over the past decades, a number of 1,4-naphthoquinones have been isolated from natural resources and several of naphthoquinone derivatives with diverse structural motif have been synthesized; they possess a multitude of biochemical properties and modulate numerous pharmacological roles that offer new targets for addressing the challenges pertaining to novel drug developments. Among natural naphthoquinones, lapachol, α-lapachone, β-lapachone, lawsone, juglone, and plumbagin have been evaluated for its potential as antitrypanosomal activities. The chemotherapeutic drugs available for combating human trypanosomiasis, that is, American trypanosomiasis and African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively, and animal tripanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi have a problem of drug resistance and several toxic effect.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kinase and protease inhibitors against Trypanosoma evansi.

Trypanosoma evansi is a causative agent of chronic wasting and fatal disease of livestock and wild animals known as surra. In this study, repurposing approach based on drug target was used to investigate the efficacy of kinase inhibitors (Barasertib-HQPA, BAR and Palbociclib isethionate, PAL) and protease inhibitors (Z-pro-prolinal, Z-PRO and Leupeptin hemisulphate, LEU) against T. evansi in HMI-9 medium.

Seroprevalence and immunological characterization of Trypanosoma evansi infection in livestock of four agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite, causes wasting disease called surra in wide range of animals. Although the organism has been reported from various parts of India, data generated from organized epidemiological study is still in infancy in majority states of India. In the present study, livestock of Himachal Pradesh, India, was targeted for epidemiological investigation of T.

Polymerase Spiral Reaction (PSR) as a novel rapid colorimetric isothermal point of care assay for detection of Trypanosoma evansi genomic DNA.

Polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) opens new avenues for specific diagnosis of pathogens known for cryptic infection at field level and its application is still unexplored in the field of parasitology. The present study aimed to explore and optimize colorimetric based PSR technique for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi in the blood of the host by targeting the 196bp Invariable Surface Glycoprotein (ISG) gene of Trypanosoma evansi. The specificity of the test was determined against Theileria equi, Theileria annulata, Babesia caballi, Burkholderia mallei and Equine herpes virus.

Drug-induced reactive oxygen species-mediated inhibitory effect on growth of Trypanosoma evansi in axenic culture system.

Trypanosoma evansi, an extracellular haemoflagellate, has a wide range of hosts receptive and susceptible to infection, in which it revealed highly inconsistent clinical effects. Drugs used for the treatment of trypanosomosis have been utilized for more than five decades and have several problems like local and systemic toxicity. In the present investigation, imatinib and sorafenib were selected as drugs as they are reported to have the potential to cause reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated effect in cancer cells.

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi from Northern India based on 18S ribosomal gene.

Six Trypanosoma evansi isolates were collected from ponies (PH1 and PK6), camel (CB2), donkeys (DJ3 and DH4) and cattle (CK5) from different States of Northern India (Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat) for molecular characterization based on 18S rRNA gene. The 18S rRNA gene (2251 bp) of different isolates was amplified, cloned and custom sequenced separately. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of all six isolates, collected from different hosts as well as geographical areas, were having high identity among Indian T.

Impact estimation of animal trypanosomosis (surra) on livestock productivity in India using simulation model: Current and future perspective.

Animal trypanosomosis (surra), caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is one of the most important diseases in livestock and wild animals in India. The disease is prevalent across all agro-climatic regions of India, and has a considerable impact on the country's livestock economy through direct and indirect impact on livestock productivity. In the present study, the economic losses on livestock productivity were assessed resulting from surra in India, considering all possible direct and indirect losses in major six livestock species viz.

Assessing genetic diversity among six populations of Gossypium arboreum L. using microsatellites markers.

Among the four cultivated cotton species, G. hirsutum (allotetraploid) presently holds a primary place in cultivation. Efforts to further improve this primary cotton face the constraints of its narrow genetic base due to repeated selective breeding and hence demands enrichment of diversity in the gene pool.