Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone.

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics of a single bolus of intravenous (IV) propofol after intramuscular administration of etorphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and azaperone in 5 southern white rhinoceros to facilitate reproductive evaluations. A specific consideration was whether propofol would facilitate timely orotracheal intubation.

Animals: 5 adult, female, zoo-maintained southern white rhinoceros.

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of various combinations of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, and glycopyrrolate, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane in healthy dogs.

Animals: 6 healthy adult female Beagles.

Procedures: Dogs were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements while anesthetized with isoflurane.

Evaluation of the 4-point regional nerve block using 2% lidocaine in sheep.

Purpose: To determine whether a single 4-point regional nerve block using 2% lidocaine administered distal to the fetlock of sheep with a single distal limb lameness will result in analgesia of the digits.

Animals: Eighteen adult ewes with a single limb lameness originating from distal to the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint were enrolled in the study.

Procedures: Digital lameness was confirmed and scored based on clinical examination.

A COMPARISON OF A SINGLE-DART VERSUS STAGED TWO-DART ANESTHESIA INDUCTION PROTOCOL IN PRZEWALSKI'S HORSES ().

Przewalski's horses () are an endangered equid species. Anesthesia administered by remote delivery is often needed to provide medical care. Behavioral and physiologic parameters were prospectively compared in 14 horses (8 females and 6 males, 3-18 yr) after a single-dart or staged two-dart anesthesia induction protocol with intramuscular medetomidine (0.

Comparison of sedation quality and safety of detomidine and romifidine as a continuous rate infusion for standing elective laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares.

Objective: To compare efficacy and safety of a continuous rate infusion of detomidine hydrochloride and romifidine hydrochloride for standing elective bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares.

Study Design: Blinded, randomized prospective clinical study.

Animals: Eighteen healthy mares presenting for elective bilateral ovariectomy METHODS: Mares were randomly assigned to one of two sedation protocols.

Combined effects of dexmedetomidine and vatinoxan infusions on minimum alveolar concentration and cardiopulmonary function in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of combined infusions of vatinoxan and dexmedetomidine on inhalant anesthetic requirement and cardiopulmonary function in dogs.

Study Design: Prospective experimental study.

Methods: A total of six Beagle dogs were anesthetized to determine sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) prior to and after an intravenous (IV) dose (loading, then continuous infusion) of dexmedetomidine (4.

EVALUATION OF TWO MEDETOMIDINE-AZAPERONE-ALFAXALONE COMBINATIONS IN CAPTIVE ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK ().

Alfaxalone has been successfully used intramuscularly (im) combined with medetomidine and azaperone for immobilization of small ungulates. An experimental 40 mg/ml alfaxalone solution (RD0387) was recently formulated for reduced injection volume. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of high-concentration alfaxalone combined with medetomidine and azaperone for the intramuscular immobilization of captive Rocky Mountain elk ().

Evaluation of the Element point-of-care blood gas analyzer for use in horses.

Objective: To compare the Element point-of-care (POC) portable blood gas analyzer with a laboratory-based bench-top reference analyzer using whole blood samples obtained from horses presenting to a referral center with various disorders in order to determine agreement between these analyzers.

Design: Prospective clinical study.

Setting: The study was conducted at a university teaching hospital at moderate altitude.

Recovery quality following a single post-anaesthetic dose of dexmedetomidine or romifidine in sevoflurane anaesthetised horses.

Background: Post-anaesthetic sedation is administered to horses to improve recovery quality from inhalant anaesthesia and reduce the risk of catastrophic injury. A single dose of dexmedetomidine for this purpose has not been evaluated clinically.

Objectives: To determine whether dexmedetomidine improves recovery quality from sevoflurane anaesthesia compared to a previously studied dose of romifidine.

REPEATED USE OF A THIAFENTANIL-BASED ANESTHESIA PROTOCOL IN AN OKAPI ().

Seven anesthesia events were performed over 6 wk on a 1.5-yr-old female okapi () being managed for a fetlock injury. A combination of butorphanol (B) (median; range) (0.

Comparison of intravenous anesthetic induction doses and physiologic effects of ketamine or alfaxalone in goats undergoing surgery with isoflurane anesthesia.

Objective: To compare IV doses of alfaxalone and ketamine needed to facilitate orotracheal intubation and assess effects of each treatment on selected physiologic variables in goats undergoing orthopedic surgery with isoflurane anesthesia.

Animals: 18 healthy adult goats.

Procedures: Behavior was assessed before and after sedation with midazolam (0.

COMPARISON OF ANESTHESIA OF ADULT GIRAFFE () USING MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE WITH AND WITHOUT A POTENT OPIOID.

Two anesthetic protocols in adult giraffe were compared by retrospective study. Thirteen anesthesia records for medetomidine-ketamine (MK) and seven for medetomidine-ketamine with a potent opioid (MKO) were evaluated for differences in demographic, behavioral, drug, and respiratory parameters. Giraffe stood significantly more quickly with MKO vs MK though MK animals were physically restrained to preclude premature standing as part of normal recovery practices (5.

A COMPARISON OF OPIOID-BASED PROTOCOLS FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE GREVY'S ZEBRA ().

Grevy's zebra () is an endangered species often found in zoological collections. Veterinary care for this species often requires immobilization. This study retrospectively evaluated behavioral and physiological parameters from Grevy's zebra records after three immobilization protocols: etorphine and alpha-2 agonist (EA2; = 11); etorphine, alpha-2 agonist, and ketamine (EA2K; = 16); and thiafentanil, alpha-2 agonist, and ketamine (TA2K; = 6).

Hyperkalemia during general anesthesia in two Greyhounds.

Case Description: A 36-kg (79-lb) castrated male Greyhound (dog 1) and a 25-kg (55 lb) spayed female Greyhound (dog 2) underwent general anesthesia for dental care with similar perianesthetic protocols on multiple occasions from 2013 to 2016. Both dogs had periodontal disease but were otherwise deemed healthy. Both dogs developed clinically relevant hyperkalemia, with signs including loss of P waves on ECG tracings, during multiple anesthetic events.

Therapeutic developments in equine pain management.

Many drugs and non-drug modalities are used to manage pain in horses, but evidence regarding efficacy and safety remains limited. This manuscript will first briefly review tried and tested techniques, e.g.

Influence of changing lateral recumbency and mode of ventilation on the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient and selected laboratory analytes in adult isoflurane anesthetized horses.

This study investigated the influence of changing recumbency and mode of ventilation over repeated anesthesias on the alveolar to arterial oxygen tension gradient (PO) and laboratory analytes in eight horses during a year-long imaging study. Anesthesia was induced with xylazine, diazepam or guaifenesin, and ketamine and maintained with isoflurane. Horses were positioned in right or left lateral recumbency for computed tomography.

EVALUATION OF BLOOD GAS VALUES IN ANESTHETIZED SOUTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS ( CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM) VENTILATED WITH A NOVEL DEMAND VENTILATOR IN A ZOOLOGICAL PARK SETTING.

Rhinoceros conservation efforts are essential to the survival of the species. One such effort is focused on using advanced reproductive technologies to produce viable northern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum cottoni) embryos for implantation into southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum) surrogates. Anesthesia may be required to facilitate necessary procedures in these surrogate rhinoceros, but commonly reported side effects including hypercapnia and hypoxemia limit anesthetic recumbency time due to animal safety concerns.

Pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of trazodone following intravenous and oral administration to horses undergoing fitness training.

OBJECTIVE To measure concentrations of trazodone and its major metabolite in plasma and urine after administration to healthy horses and concurrently assess selected physiologic and behavioral effects of the drug. ANIMALS 11 Thoroughbred horses enrolled in a fitness training program. PROCEDURES In a pilot investigation, 4 horses received trazodone IV (n = 2) or orally (2) to select a dose for the full study; 1 horse received a vehicle control treatment IV.

Effects of constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine or MK-467 on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs.

Objective: To determine the effects of low and high dose infusions of dexmedetomidine and a peripheral α-adrenoceptor antagonist, MK-467, on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs.

Study Design: Crossover experimental study.

Animals: Six healthy, adult Beagle dogs weighing 12.

Assessment of agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scoring the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of subjective grading scales and development of a system for evaluation of the recovery of horses from anesthesia by use of accelerometry.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement among diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia for scores determined by use of a simple descriptive scale (SDS) or a composite grading scale (CGS) for quality of recovery of horses from anesthesia and to investigate use of 3-axis accelerometry (3AA) for objective evaluation of recovery. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Horses were fitted with a 3AA device and then were anesthetized.

Pain: Its Diagnosis and Management in the Rehabilitation of Horses.

This article provides a brief overview of pain physiology and its relevance to equine patients. Objective and subjective techniques for assessing pain in the horse are described in depth. Pharmacologic and interventional pain modulation treatments are discussed with a focus on the rehabilitating horse.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol following a single induction dose administered intravenously in cats.

Objective: To compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol administered intravenously (IV) as a single induction dose in cats.

Study Design: Prospective experimental study.

Animals: Six healthy adult cats, three female intact, three male castrated, weighing 4.

Multicenter clinical evaluation of a multi-dose formulation of propofol in the dog.

Background: Propofol is a widely used injectable anesthetic agent for induction and short-term maintenance in dogs. A multi-dose formulation of propofol (MDP) has been developed which includes 2% benzyl alcohol as a preservative. In order to document the use of the product under clinical conditions, MDP was tested in a prospective clinical trial conducted at six sites within the United States.

Cardiorespiratory and antinociceptive effects of two different doses of lidocaine administered to horses during a constant intravenous infusion of xylazine and ketamine.

Background: This study investigated the antinociceptive effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine during xylazine and ketamine anesthesia in horses and aimed to correlate these effects with cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index (BIS) and plasma lidocaine concentrations. Six adult crossbred mares weighing 320-400 kg were anesthetized on three different occasions. Sedation was performed with xylazine (0.