[Leonid Vasilyevich Sobolev: the first Russian diabetologist, or the History of an unnoticed discovery].

Leonid Vasilyevich Sobolev is an outstanding pathologist, whose name definitely should occupy an honorable place in the galaxy of great scientists of Russia. However, his name was undeservedly forgotten, and the role of his work was underestimated. This Russian scientist made the most important discovery: he proved in an experiment that it is the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that secrete a humoral regulator, "factor X", the deficiency of which leads to diabetes mellitus.

[Empagliflozin and heart failure: position paper of the experts on the results of the online meeting and discussion of the EMPEROR-Preserved Trial].

At an international online expert meeting held on September 16, 2021, the results of the empagliflozin research program EMPA-REG Outcome, EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved were reviewed. We analyzed cardiovascular and renal outcomes during the treatment with empagliflozin in patients with chronic heart failure, regardless of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The positive results of the EMPEROR-Preserved study are updated and their significance for clinical practice is discussed.

[The agreed experts' position of the Eurasian Association of Therapists on tactics of management of patients with comorbid pathology infected with SARS-Cov-2].

The agreement of experts of the Eurasian Association of Therapists (EAT) discusses pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. Modern data on the characteristics of cardiovascular, kidney, respiratory damage in SARS-infected CoV-2 are presented. The tactics of managing patients initially having cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, chronic kidney disease are discussed in detail.

[Organization and delivery of therapeutic care in modern local wars and armed conflicts].

The system of providing therapeutic care within a united system of staged treatment of wounded and sick and evacuation was established during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 and helped to return 90,6% of casualties to duty. In terms of local wars and armed conflicts the most important task of military field therapy is to improve the provision of therapeutic support through regional and territorial principles, echeloning of forces and facilities, optimization of allocation of medical institutions in accordance with their capabilities, evacuation routes, etc. The organization of therapeutic assistance should be guided primarily by the size and structure of sanitary losses.

[Clinical toxicology of the Academy: yesterday, today and tomorrow].

National toxicology school of the Kirov Military Medical Academy, demonstrates the unity of clinical and experimental approaches related to one purpose throughout its history--saving human life and health from exposure to toxic substances of chemical nature. For more than three centuries the russian science of toxicology has been steadily developing, often ahead of the world science. It helped to create the means of protection and develop methods of treatment for chemical lesions.

[Peculiarities of occupational esophagogastroduodenal pathology in personnel serving at CW disposal and storage facilities].

In a process of medical care and supervision on staff and military personnel, eliminating the chemical weapons, it was revealed that they are more susceptible to esophagogastroduodenal pathology in comparison with the control group. Moreover, the given pathology has an asymptomatic disease course but associated with high contamination of Helicobacter pylori. Marked inflammation changes, atrophic and fibrosis manifestation and microcirculation dysfunction have been confirmed by histological analysis of gastric mucosa.

[Acute allergy in practice of military physician].

Increasing number of patients with allergy observed in recent years is accompanied with increasing number of health encounters due to acute allergy. The sudden beginning and unpredictable course characterize acute allergy. These factors can be fatal for patient and must be treated immediately.

[Prospective concepts of the military field therapy development].

The authors suggested the main problems solved by the military field therapy: development, scientific rationale, systematic improvement and practical application of the organizational form of first aid for the wounded in conditions of combat actions; research on the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of states caused by effect of weapon of mass destruction (nuclear weapon, chemical weapon, etc); development of methods of diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of the abovementioned states; research of the pattern, clinical progression and treatment of somatization disorders in conditions of combat and casual activity of troops, analysis of morbidity among the troops and development of prophylaxis;formulation of military-medical questionnaire and development of the system of rehabilitation for the wounded. Searching for innovative methods for solving the problems of military field therapy is the current problem. Modern warfare changed the concept of delivery of health care, effectiveness of evacuative actions, training of medical personnel and medical maintaining.

[Hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: safe solution of the dangerous problem].

The review gives detailed information on the state-of-the-art of hypoglycemia (HG) and the results of its Russian and international trials. It is noted that HG should be now regarded as an extremely undesirable glucose-lowering therapy complication that is closely related to the risk of cardiovascular events and higher mortality rates, worse glycemic control, and poorer quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The priority effective therapy tactics for T2DM is to manage the latter without any risk of HG, which can be implemented by the wide clinical application of incretins, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in particular, which have the glucose-lowering activity comparable with that shown by metformin and sulfonylurea drugs, are practically safe when used as monotherapy and significantly enhance the efficiency of therapy without substantially increasing the risk of severe HG when co-administered with other medications.

[Formation of therapeutic group of casualties in local wars and armed conflicts].

The necessity of improvement of the therapeutic care organization in the RF Armed Forces is dictated by the existing military threats. Conflicts between states or within a single country along with inefficiency of diplomatic, social and political efforts may lead to armed conflicts or local wars. Analysis of medical support results shows the consistent prevalence of therapeutic group of casualties in the overall structure of medical losses.

[The directions of activity of the medical service on prophylaxis and early revealing of tuberculosis in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation].

The basic directions of system of antituberculous actions in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes: 1) non-admission of citizens, sick of tuberculosis, on military service; 2) allocation of group of persons with the raised risk of tuberculosis among all military servicemen, dispensary dynamic supervision over them and carrying out of chemoprophylaxis; 3) revealing of tuberculosis among military servicemen at preventive medical inspections (including fluorography), and also in case of reference for medical aid with the symptoms specifying on possibility of tuberculosis; 4) carrying out antiepidemic actions in military unit, in case of revealing patient, sick of tuberculosis, well-timed, qualitatively and in full. The major stage of antituberculous actions is a profound medical examination of young reinforcement (recruits under service call and under the contract) after the arrival in army. Preventive actions in group of persons with the raised risk of tuberculosis also are a priority for the medical service of military unit.

[Development of clinical radiology in the Military field therapy Department of the Military Medical Academy (the 90th anniversary of the birth of G. I. Alekseyev)].

On August 18, 2012, 90 years have passed since the birth of the former head of the Military field therapy Department of The Military-Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov--the main radiologist of the Ministry of Defence of Russian Federation, the corresponding member of the Soviet Union Academy of Medical Science and the Russian Academy of Medical Science, the major- general of a medical service G.

[Modern possibilities of therapeutic aid in the time of mass sanitary losses of radiation profile].

Modern concept of medical-prophylactic measures in the time of mass radiation affection is presented in the present article. Moreover the past changes in organization-regular structure of medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and appearance of new time-board equipment were taken into account. Recommendations about the rendering of all types of therapeutic aid on all stages of medical evacuation--first, premedical, medical assistance, qualified and specialized--are given.

[Non-invasive assessment of coronary blood flow in veterans of the Ministry of Defence with ischemic heart disease and age-dependent androgen deficiency].

It was examined 51 pensioners of Ministry of Defence with coronary heart disease (average age 55 [52, 59] years). In 20 patients it was verified age-related androgen deficiency, in 31 patients the level of testosterone was within normal limits. The evaluation of coronary circulation was made on single-photon emission tomography with determination of myocardial perfusion in a rest and after pharmacological loading, bicycle exercise test, holter-monitoring of ECG.

[Reclid effects on carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and hemodynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2].

Patients with diabetes mellitus type II have disorders in carbohydrate, lipid and other kinds of metabolism. This increases the risk of cardiovascular complications and atherogenesis. Therefore, it is advisable to use drugs preventing an excessive late phase of insulin secretion with resultant reduction of hyperinsulinemia.