Low FT3 is an independent marker of disease severity in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Aim: To study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its association with disease severity in hospitalized patients of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, thyroid function tests (TFT) of 236 hospitalized patients of COVID-19 along with demographic, comorbid, clinical, biochemical and disease severity records were analysed. Patients were divided into previous euthyroid or hypothyroid status to observe the effect of prior hypothyroidism on the severity of COVID-19.

Type 2 diabetes and bone fragility- An under-recognized association.

Background And Aims: Diabetes and osteoporosis are common chronic disorders with growing prevalence in the aging population. Skeletal fragility secondary to diabetes increases the risk of fractures and is underestimated by currently available diagnostic tools like fracture risk assessment (FRAX) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In this narrative review we describe the relationship and pathophysiology of skeletal fragility and fractures in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), effect of glucose lowering medications on bone metabolism and the approach to diagnosing and managing osteoporosis and bone fragility in people with diabetes (PWD).

Lack of association of baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with disease severity and mortality in Indian patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) owing to its immunomodulatory effects is believed to influence outcomes in COVID-19. We conducted a prospective, observational study of patients, hospitalized with COVID-19. Serum 25-OHD level < 20 ng/mL was considered VDD.

High prevalence of diabetes and other comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Delhi, India, and their association with outcomes.

Background And Aims: To study the prevalence and impact of diabetes mellitus and other comorbidities among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Methods: In a prospective, observational study including consecutive adults hospitalized with COVID-19, clinical outcomes and inflammatory markers were compared in those with and without diabetes. Participants were classified as having mild or severe COVID-19 disease using the WHO ordinal scale.

Effect of dulaglutide on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD: randomised controlled trial (D-LIFT trial).

Aims/hypothesis: Liraglutide, a daily injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1r) agonist, has been shown to reduce liver fat content (LFC) in humans. Data regarding the effect of dulaglutide, a once-weekly GLP-1r agonist, on human LFC are scarce. This study examined the effect of dulaglutide on LFC in individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Glucose Lowering Efficacy and Pleiotropic Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors.

In type 2 diabetes, the maladaptive upregulation of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) protein expression and activity contribute to the maintenance of hyperglycemia. By inhibiting these proteins, SGLT2 inhibitors increase urinary glucose excretion (UGE) that leads to fall in plasma glucose concentrations and improvement in all glycemic parameters. Clinical studies have demonstrated that in patients with type 2 diabetes, SGLT2 inhibitors resulted in sustained reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA), body weight, blood pressure and serum uric acid levels.

Judicious use of DXA-BMD in assessing fracture risk by using clinical risk factors in the Indian population.

Unlabelled: FRAX scores were significantly higher in patients admitted with fragility fractures than controls and can be useful in choosing the right patients for bone density testing, thus using of an expensive test judiciously.

Purpose: This study was planned to compare the FRAX scores for the risk for major osteoporotic fracture (FRAX-MOF) and hip fracture (FRAX-HF) in patients with fragility fractures (cases) and those admitted for other indications (controls) in the orthopedic ward in our institute.

Methods: Historical and anthropometric data were prospectively recorded from 500 consecutive patients admitted in the orthopedic ward in in Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India.

Effect of Empagliflozin on Liver Fat in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial (E-LIFT Trial).

Objective: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have been shown to reduce liver fat in rodent models. Data regarding the effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on human liver fat are scarce. This study examined the effect of empagliflozin (an SGLT-2 inhibitor) on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by using MRI-derived proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF).

Cutaneous mucormycosis as a presenting feature of type 1 diabetes in a boy - case report and review of the literature.

Background: Mucormycosis is a potentially fatal complication of diabetes. The rhino-orbito-cerebral form is the most common presentation, however, rarely other types can also be seen.

Case Presentation: We describe the case of a 4½ -year-old boy not previously known to be a diabetic who presented to the plastic surgery department for gangrene of the left middle finger with surrounding erythema and induration.

Acute severe diarrhoea and hyponatremia after zoledronic acid infusion: an acute phase reaction.

Zoledronic acid (ZA), an intravenous aminobisphosphonate, is prescribed widely for postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is a relatively safe drug but may cause adverse effects including acute phase reaction. Oral non-aminobisphosphonates are known to cause diarrhoea that is usually mild and self-limited.

Glucocorticoid sparing effect of zoledronic acid in sarcoid hypercalcemia.

Introduction: Glucocorticoids are regarded as first-line therapy in the management of hypercalcemia associated with sarcoidosis. However, prolonged glucocorticoid therapy leads to metabolic abnormalities, Cushingoid habitus, and impairment of bone health. This study demonstrates the efficacy and glucocorticoid-sparing effect of zoledronic acid in sarcoid hypercalcemia.

Heparin and insulin in the management of hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis: case series and literature review.

Severe hypertriglyceridemia accounts for up to 7% of all cases of acute pancreatitis. Heparin and insulin activate lipoprotein lipase (LPL), thereby reducing plasma triglyceride levels. However, the safety and efficacy of heparin and insulin in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis have not been well established yet.

Effect of oral versus intramuscular Vitamin D replacement in apparently healthy adults with Vitamin D deficiency.

Context: A number of controversies exist regarding appropriate treatment strategy for Vitamin D deficiency.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of equivalent doses of oral cholecalciferol (60,000 IU weekly for 5 weeks) versus intramuscular (IM) cholecalciferol (300,000 IU) in correcting Vitamin D deficiency in apparently healthy volunteers working in a hospital.

Settings And Design: Prospective randomized open-label single institution study.

Hypercalcemia of advanced chronic liver disease: a forgotten clinical entity!

Hypercalcemia caused by advanced chronic liver disease (CLD) without hepatic neoplasia is uncommonly reported and poorly understood condition. We are reporting two cases of advanced CLD who developed hypercalcemia in the course of the disease. This diagnosis of exclusion was made only after meticulous ruling out of all causes of hypercalcemia.

Childhood and Youth Onset Diabetes: A Single Centre Experience.

Objectives: To identify proportion of various types of diabetes and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in patients with youth onset diabetes (onset below 25 completed years of age). In addition, concurrent autoimmune diseases in type 1 diabetes were studied in a subset of patients.

Methods: A total of 577 patients (192 girls) with diabetes onset at median age of 14 y (range 1 mo-25 y) with median duration of 1 y (range day of diagnosis- 43 y) were included.

Deep vein thrombosis in a patient of Sheehan's syndrome: Autoimmunity or hypercoagulabilty.

Introduction: Literature is inconsistent whether patients with hypopituitarism have increased risk of thrombosis. Recent data has shown problems with the coagulation system in Sheehan's syndrome (SS). Here, we describe a case of SS which presented with deep vein thrombosis.

Dissociated hypopituitarism after spontaneous pituitary apoplexy in acromegaly.

Introduction: Pituitary apoplexy is an uncommon event and usually occurs in non-functioning pituitary tumors. Among the functioning tumors, prolactinomas are the ones most likely to apoplexy. Apoplexy in growth hormone (GH) producing adenomas is a very rare event with less than thirty cases reported worldwide.

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 with reversible dilated cardiomyopathy: complete recovery after correction of hypocalcemia and hypocortisolemia.

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1) - characterized by the triad of mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, and primary adrenal insufficiency - is an uncommon entity. In this case report we describe the case of a young girl who presented with classic features of APS1 and dilated cardiomyopathy, which were missed during her presentation to the children's hospital. Her condition improved only when appropriate replacement therapy in the form of calcium, calcitriol and hydrocortisone was instituted.

Pattern of urinary albumin excretion in normotensive young and adolescent Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a clinically heterogeneous endocrine disorder affecting up to 4-8% of women of reproductive age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of microalbuminuria in women with PCOS and study its correlation with the various metabolic, clinical, and hormonal parameters.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 69 PCOS women was carried out in a tertiary care center hospital.

Detection of autoantibodies against glycosylated-DNA in diabetic subjects: Its possible correlation with HbA(1C).

Aims: The vascular tissues have a long memory of their previous glycemic control and intervention studies have demonstrated that microvascular complications are highly correlated with mean glycemic control as measured by glycolated hemoglobin A₁C ( HbA₁c)The present study was carried out to evaluate the autoantibodies against glycosylated DNA (DNA-AGEs) in diabetic sera to see if the level of HbA1c has correlation with the activity of DNA-AGEs, another marker of chronic glycemia.

Methods: Glucose-6-phosphate induced glycosylation of native DNA was studied in 150 diabetic sera (T1DM=9, T2DM=141) by spectroscopic techniques (UV and fluorescence) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Direct binding and inhibition enzyme immunoassays were carried out to evaluate binding and specificity of anti-glycated-DNA autoantibodies (anti-DNA-AGE autoantibodies) in sera of diabetes patients.