Profile distribution, Z-scan technique, Optical limiting and thermal lens method studies on Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride.

For the purpose of determining the characteristics of the Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (COGC) dye, both an FT-IR spectrometer and a UV-Visible spect rometer were employed through the process. At a wavelength of 473 nm, a diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser with an adjustable wavelength was used to quantify the thermally induced optical nonlinearity of the dye in a solvent composed of dimethylformamide. For the purpose of measuring the optical response, the Z-scan technique was utilised.

The photovoltaic efficiency of the fabrication of copolymer P3HT:PCBM on different thickness nano-anatase titania as solar cell.

Organic solar cells based on (3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methylester (P3HT:PCBM) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) with an inverted structure have been fabricated using nano-anatase crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) as their electron transport layer, which was prepared on the indium tin oxide coated glass (ITO-glass), silicon wafer and glass substrates by sol-gel method at different spin speed by using spin-coating (1000, 2000 and 3,000 rpm) for nano-thin film 58, 75 and 90 nm respectively. The effect of thickness on the surface morphology and optical properties of TiO2 layer were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction and UV-visible spectrophotometer. The optical band gap of the films has been found to be in the range 3.