Bronchoscopic management as an alternative treatment in non-operable benign tracheal stenosis.

Background: Endoluminal therapy either by dilatation, scar tissue resection or stent insertion is an established treatment for non-malignant airway stenosis although the surgical approach is still considered the "gold standard." No clear consensus exists on the structured role of each modality.

Aims: We aimed to investigate the role of bronchoscopic management in non-operable tracheal stenosis cases, evaluating the effectiveness and safety of each procedure based on a structured algorithmic approach.

Relation between reduction mammaplasty and pulmonary functions.

The hypothesis that weight on the chest may diminish the compliance of the chest wall and affect chest wall dynamics guided this research. Few previous studies investigated the possibility of increasing chest compliance and pulmonary function after reduction mammaplasty. The meager results available were contradictory.