Green synthesis, characterization, and multifunctional applications of Ag@CeO and Ag@CeO-pullulan nanocomposites for dye degradation, antioxidant, and antifungal activities.

The synthesis and characterization of novel nanocomposites with unique properties have garnered significant interest. Ag@CeO nanocomposite and its pullulan counterparts were prepared using a green approach involving rosemary extract. Characterization techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, Dynamic Light Scattering, High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and X-ray Diffraction, confirmed the formation of Ag@CeO nanoparticles (NPs).

Melanin Synthesized by the Endophytic AKW: A Multifaceted Biomolecule with Antioxidant, Wound Healing, and Selective Anti-Cancer Activity.

Introduction: This study explores the potential of the endophytic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans AKW for melanin production and its anticancer activity.

Method: We report a significant achievement: AKW synthesized 4.89 g/l of melanin in a simple fermentation medium devoid of tyrosine, a precursor typically required for melanin biosynthesis.

Optimization of pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans using semi-solid-state fermentation and artificial neural networks: Characterization and antibacterial activity of pullulan impregnated with Ag-TiO nanocomposite.

This study presents a novel and efficient approach for pullulan production using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to optimize semi-solid-state fermentation (S-SSF) on faba bean biomass (FBB). This method achieved a record-breaking pullulan yield of 36.81 mg/g within 10.

Multifaceted chemical and bioactive features of Ag@TiO and Ag@SeO core/shell nanoparticles biosynthesized using L. extract.

Due to increasing concerns about environmental impact and toxicity, developing green and sustainable methods for nanoparticle synthesis is attracting significant interest. This work reports the successful green synthesis of silver (Ag), silver-titanium dioxide (Ag@TiO), and silver-selenium dioxide (Ag@SeO) nanoparticles (NPs) using L. extract.

Turmeric extract-mediated biogenic synthesis of Ag@SeO magnetic nanoparticles: characterization, optimization, antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

This study bio-synthesized Ag@SeO bmNPs successfully, using turmeric ethanol extract, and characterized them using various techniques. The FT-IR analysis reveals the involvement of these plant-derived compounds, especially phenolics, in the reduction process by acting as electron donors and stabilizing/capping agents. Zeta potential analysis showed a slight negative surface charge for the stability of Ag@SeO NPs, where TEM revealed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 20 nm.

Synthesis of novel benzopyrimido[4,5-]azoninone analogs catalyzed by biosynthesized Ag-TiO core/shell magnetic nanocatalyst and assessment of their antioxidant activity.

The present work reported the synthesis of novel benzopyrimido[4,5-]azoninone analogs using a biosynthesized Ag-TiO core/shell magnetic nanocatalyst. Accordingly, three-component one-pot reactions of benzoazonine-dione with thiourea and aryl aldehyde derivatives under nanocatalytic and optimized conditions afforded reasonable to brilliant yields of the target products (57-91%). The nanocatalyst was synthesized by a facile method using turmeric ethanol extract as a reducing and chelating agent.

Synthesis, biological activities, and future perspectives of steroidal monocyclic pyridines.

Steroidal pyridines are a class of compounds that have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential biological activities. The introduction of a pyridine ring into the steroid skeleton can significantly alter the chemical and biological properties of the compound, making it more potent and/or selective for a particular target. Different synthetic methods have been developed for the preparation of steroidal pyridines.

A Comparative Study of Cr(VI) Sorption by AKW Biomass and Its Extracellular Melanin: Complementary Modeling with Equilibrium Isotherms, Kinetic Studies, and Decision Tree Modeling.

Melanin as a natural polymer is found in all living organisms, and plays an important role in protecting the body from harmful UV rays from the sun. The efficiency of fungal biomass () and its extracellular melanin as Cr(VI) biosorbents was comparatively considered. The efficiency of Cr(VI) biosorption by the two sorbents used was augmented up to 240 min.

Synthesis and biological activities of bicyclic pyridines integrated steroid hybrid.

Reports on structural modification of heterosteroids through various reactions, and developed synthetic routes have considerably increased over the last decade. The present review encompasses the applicable approaches dealing with the utility of reactive moieties in various steroids for the synthesis of fused bicyclic pyridines, and binary bicyclic pyridines all over the years. The different sections include the synthesis of steroids-fused, and binary quinolines, pyridopyrimidines, imidazopyridines, spirocyclic imidazopyridines, pyrazolopyridines, thienopyridines, pyridinyl-thiazoles, and tetrazolopyridine hybrids, as well as, the diverse biological applications of these heterocyclic steroids.

Synthetic strategies of heterocycle-integrated pyridopyrimidine scaffolds supported by nano-catalysts.

Nano-catalysts are of special character for the synthesis of organic molecules with high efficiency, and exceptional physicochemical properties. The objective of this study was to present an overview of the literature reports concerning the synthetic strategies supported by nano-catalysts and the biological features of heterocycle-integrated pyridopyrimidine scaffolds. The basic topics include the strategies that were adopted to prepare pyrido[2,3-]pyrimidines and pyrido[1,2-]pyrimidines.

Developments of pyridodipyrimidine heterocycles and their biological activities.

The entitled review aimed to assemble and highlight the synthetic approaches and biological aspects of heterocycles with pyridodipyrimidine motifs. The recent synthetic approaches were categorized according to the accomplishments of the approaches under catalyst or catalyst-free conditions. The topic involved the synthesis of substituted tricyclic systems and spirocyclic systems.

Insights into the medicinal chemistry of heterocycles integrated with a pyrazolo[1,5-]pyrimidine scaffold.

Pyrazolo[1,5-]pyrimidines are the dominant motif of many drugs; for instance, zaleplon and indiplon are sedative agents and ocinaplon was identified as an anxiolytic agent. The importance of this class of compounds lies in its varied and significant biological activities, and accordingly, considerable methods have been devised to prepare these compounds. Hence, other derivatives of this class of compounds were prepared by substitution reactions with different nucleophiles exploiting the activity of groups linked to the ring carbon and nitrogen atoms.

Innovative binary sorption of Cobalt(II) and methylene blue by Sargassum latifolium using Taguchi and hybrid artificial neural network paradigms.

The present investigation has been designed by Taguchi and hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) paradigms to improve and optimize the binary sorption of Cobalt(II) and methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution, depending on modifying physicochemical conditions to generate an appropriate constitution for a highly efficient biosorption by the alga; Sargassum latifolium. Concerning Taguchi's design, the predicted values of the two responses were comparable to actual ones. The biosorption of Cobalt(II) ions was more efficient than MB, the supreme biosorption of Cobalt(II) was verified in run L (93.

Recent progress in the chemistry of β-aminoketones.

The β-aminoketone moiety has been found to be the basic skeleton of several drugs such as the amine salts "tolperisone (vasodilation)" and "oxyfedrine (therapeutic coronary disease)", and fluoroaryl derivatives such as "sitagliptin (antidiabetic)". The objective of this review is to summarize and highlight the chemistry of compounds reported with a β-aminoketone core in the last five years regarding their synthetic strategies, chemical reactivity, and mechanistic synthetic pathways. In the different sections, we categorize the synthesis of β-aminoketones by Mannich reactions catalytic, non-catalytic, and one-pot procedures.

Insights into the recent progress in the medicinal chemistry of pyranopyrimidine analogs.

Heterocycles containing the pyranopyrimidine motif have attracted the interest of researchers in recent decades due to their ability to synthesize and explore at a large scale to explore the biological diversity. Therefore, this review highlights the biological characteristics and synthetic approaches adopted to prepare pyranopyrimidine analogs in the last five years. Several novel preparation procedures have been summarized to synthesize these compounds using ionic, basic, or nanocatalysts or catalyst-free conditions to obtain these compounds in good yields.

Recent advancements in the multicomponent synthesis of heterocycles integrated with a pyrano[2,3-]pyrimidine core.

Heterocyclic compounds incorporated with a pyranopyrimidine skeleton have received substantial consideration owing to their privileged, and intelligible biodiversity. Accordingly, this review highlights the multicomponent synthetic routes adopted to prepare heterocyclic compounds incorporated with the pyrano[2,3-]pyrimidine skeleton in the preceding two years. The different sections comprise the synthesis of bicyclic, tricyclic, polycyclic, and spirocyclic systems along with the estimation of the probable mechanistic routes for the reaction pathways.

Bicyclic 5-6 Systems: Comprehensive Synthetic Strategies for the Annulations of Pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyrimidines.

Pyrazolopyrimidines are a privileged class of 5-6 bicyclic systems with three or four nitrogen atoms, including four possible isomeric structures. The significance of this class of compounds is that they can be applied in medical and pharmaceutical fields due to their unlimited biological aptitude, hence it is the basic skeleton of several synthetic drugs. The current review aimed to highlight all the synthetic routes that have been applied to construct the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring systems up to date.

Advances in the chemical and biological diversity of heterocyclic systems incorporating pyrimido[1,6-]pyrimidine and pyrimido[1,6-]pyrimidine scaffolds.

Heterocycles incorporating a pyrimidopyrimidine scaffold have aroused great interest from researchers in the field of medical chemistry because of their privileged biological activities; they are used as anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, antihypertensive, anticancer, and hepatoprotective agents. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the chemistry of heterocycles incorporating pyrimido[1,6-]pyrimidine and pyrimido[1,6-]pyrimidine skeletons and their biological characteristics. The main sections discuss (1) the synthetic routes to obtain substituted pyrimidopyrimidines, pyrimido[1,6-]pyrimidin-diones, pyrimidoquinazolines, tricyclic, tetracyclic, and binary systems; (2) the reactivity of the substituents attached to the pyrimidopyrimidine skeleton, including thione and amide groups, nucleophilic substitutions, condensations, ring transformations, and coordination chemistry; (3) compounds of this class of heterocycles containing a significant characteristic scaffold and possessing a wide range of biological characteristics.

Advances in the Chemistry of 6-6 Bicyclic Systems: Chemistry of Pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidines.

The aim of this work is to discuss the chemistry of pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines as one of the most important heterocyclic compounds with remarkable synthetic, biological and medical applications. In this overview, the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds incorporated the pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold as demonstrated by chemical reactions and different preparation processes. The anticipated compounds were synthesized from pyridine or pyrimidine compounds and a description of the reactivity of substituents attached to ring carbon and nitrogen atoms is discussed.

Heterocyclic steroids: Efficient routes for annulation of pentacyclic steroidal pyrimidines.

Steroids are components of cell membranes, signaling molecules and are a type of secondary metabolites as a result of their high impact of biological significance. The present review described the literature reports of pentacyclic steroidal pyrimidines as a type of heterocyclic steroids. The main sections included the synthesis of the investigated steroids fused at rings-A or B or D of steroid skeleton, synthesis of binary or linked-type pyrimidines, pyrimidine oxides, macromolecules and mono- or di- or tri-peptides linked-steroidal pyrimidines.

Bicyclic 6 + 6 systems: the chemistry of pyrimido[4,5-]pyrimidines and pyrimido[5,4-]pyrimidines.

The present study provides an overview of the chemistry and biological significance of pyrimido[4,5-]pyrimidine and pyrimido[5,4-]pyrimidine analogs as types of bicyclic [6 + 6] systems. The main sections include: (1) synthesis methods; (2) the reactivities of the substituents linked to the ring carbon and nitrogen atoms; and (3) biological applications. A discussion demonstrating the proposed mechanisms of unexpected synthetic routes is intended.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Curcuminoid Analogues as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents.

Diazocoupling reaction of curcumin with different diazonium salts of -toluidine, 2-aminopyridine, and 4-aminoantipyrine in pyridine yielded the arylhydrazones -. Arylhydrazone of -toluidine reacted with urea, thiourea, and guanidine nitrate to produce 5,6-dihydropyrimidines. Further reaction of with 2,3-diaminopyrdine in sodium ethoxide solution yielded 1-pyrido[2,3-][1,4]diazepine derivative.

Advancements in tetronic acid chemistry. Part 2: Use as a simple precursor to privileged heterocyclic motifs.

This work highlights the literature of one of the most valuable moieties in the field of organic chemistry. In this review, the chemistry of tetronic acid as a simple precursor to privileged heterocyclic motifs is described. The synthetic procedures of different fused heterocycles incorporating a furan moiety are described.