Unveiling the role of rubber seals in the generation of decentralized disinfection by-products in chlorinated water distribution systems.

The degradation of rubber seal (RS), particularly ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM), in the drinking water networks has been confirmed, yet the role of RS as a disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor remains unknown. This study provides explicit proof of the formation of halogenated disinfection by-products (X-DBPs) from RS in chlorinated drinking water within water supply systems. Over time, exposure to chlorinated water ages RS, releasing high levels of organic compounds, which act as DBP precursors.

Burden of multiple sclerosis: impact on the patient, family and society.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurological disease that significantly influences the health-related quality of life of individuals, their families, and society.

Aim: This study aimed to identify the burden of MS on patients' and caregivers' quality of lif E.

Methods: A total of 104 individuals were included consisting of 60 patients with MS (pwMS) diagnosed according to the revised McDonald criteria and 44 caregivers.

Paperboard mill wastewater treatment via combined dark and LED-mediated fermentation in the absence of external chemical addition.

Paperboard mill wastewater (PMWW) was treated using two subsequent dark and photo up-flow intermitted stirring tank reactors (UISTRs) under different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) without external chemical use. HRT of 12 h revealed the maximum overall H productivity of 1394.1(±70.