A comparative study for the removal of imidacloprid insecticide from water by chemical-less UVC, UVC/TiO and UVC/ZnO processes.

Background: Chloronicotinic insecticide are a class of pesticides that are commonly used as insecticides. Among the frequently used chloronicotinic pesticide, imidacloprid (IM) was developed in 1986. The residual of this insecticide or any pesticides may have serious public health threats.