Embedded values-like shape ethical reasoning of large language models on primary care ethical dilemmas.

Objective: This article uses the framework of Schwartz's values theory to examine whether the embedded values-like profile within large language models (LLMs) impact ethical decision-making dilemmas faced by primary care. It specifically aims to evaluate whether each LLM exhibits a distinct values-like profile, assess its alignment with general population values, and determine whether latent values influence clinical recommendations.

Methods: The Portrait Values Questionnaire-Revised (PVQ-RR) was submitted to each LLM (Claude, Bard, GPT-3.

Revisiting the "Timed Up and Go" test: a 12-s cut-off can predict Hospitalization Associated Functional Decline in older adults.

Early detection of functional decline, a major risk among hospitalized older adults, can facilitate interventions that could significantly reduce it. We aimed to examine the contribution of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in predicting Hospitalization Associated Functional Decline (HAFD) among older adults, able to independently ambulate before admission. We used a cross-sectional study design; a total of 310 older adults (age ≥ 65) hospitalized in internal medicine wards between December 2018 and August 2020 were included; exclusion criteria were inability to ambulate, a diagnosis restricting mobility, hospitalization for end-of-life care, or impaired cognition.

Assessing the Alignment of Large Language Models With Human Values for Mental Health Integration: Cross-Sectional Study Using Schwartz's Theory of Basic Values.

Background: Large language models (LLMs) hold potential for mental health applications. However, their opaque alignment processes may embed biases that shape problematic perspectives. Evaluating the values embedded within LLMs that guide their decision-making have ethical importance.

Capacity of Generative AI to Interpret Human Emotions From Visual and Textual Data: Pilot Evaluation Study.

Background: Mentalization, which is integral to human cognitive processes, pertains to the interpretation of one's own and others' mental states, including emotions, beliefs, and intentions. With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and the prominence of large language models in mental health applications, questions persist about their aptitude in emotional comprehension. The prior iteration of the large language model from OpenAI, ChatGPT-3.

Synergistic, long-term effects of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 deficiency and mild stress on cognitive function and mPFC gene and miRNA expression.

Glutamate abnormalities in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are associated with cognitive deficits. We previously showed that homozygous deletion of CNS glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (Glud1), a metabolic enzyme critical for glutamate metabolism, leads to schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities and increased mPFC glutamate; mice heterozygous for CNS Glud1 deletion (C-Glud1 mice) showed no cognitive or molecular abnormalities. Here, we examined the protracted behavioral and molecular effects of mild injection stress on C-Glud1 mice.

ChatGPT outperforms humans in emotional awareness evaluations.

The artificial intelligence chatbot, ChatGPT, has gained widespread attention for its ability to perform natural language processing tasks and has the fastest-growing user base in history. Although ChatGPT has successfully generated theoretical information in multiple fields, its ability to identify and describe emotions is still unknown. Emotional awareness (EA), the ability to conceptualize one's own and others' emotions, is considered a transdiagnostic mechanism for psychopathology.

Variation in Gut Microbiota Composition is Associated with Sleep Quality and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults with Insomnia.

Purpose: Insomnia, a chronic condition affecting 50% of older adults, is often accompanied by cognitive decline. The mechanism underlying this comorbidity is not fully understood. A growing literature suggests the importance of gut microbiota for brain function.

Lifestyle Changes, Emotional Eating, Gender, and Stress during COVID-19 Lockdown.

Emotional eating poses health risks. It is associated with adverse weight gain and a higher body mass index and is frequently triggered by stressful situations such as pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic was found to cause stress as well as lifestyle changes of different magnitudes.

Maternal insomnia and depressive symptoms and early childhood sleep among Arab and Jewish families in Israel.

Objectives: The present study explored the links between maternal insomnia symptoms, maternal depressive symptoms, and young children's sleep quality among two major cultural groups in Israel: Arab and Jewish. We also assessed the prevalence of maternal insomnia and depressive symptoms, in both cultural groups.

Methods: Mothers of 497 healthy, typically developing infants and toddlers, ranging in age from 3-36 months, participated in the study: 253 of the mothers were Arab and 244 were Jewish.

The effect of co-dependent (thinking in motion [TIM]) versus single-modality (CogniFit) interventions on cognition and gait among community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled study.

Background: Cognition and motor skills are interrelated throughout the aging process and often show simultaneous deterioration among older adults with cognitive impairment. Co-dependent training has the potential to ameliorate both domains; however, its effect on the gait and cognition of older adults with cognitive impairment has yet to be explored. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the well-established single-modality cognitive computerized training program, CogniFit, with "Thinking in Motion (TIM)," a co-dependent group intervention, among community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment.

Difference between Minorities and Majorities in the Association between COVID-19-Related Stress and Psychological Distress: A Socio-Ecological Perspective and the Moderating Role of Parenthood.

This study introduces a socio-ecological perspective of differences in psychological distress between the Palestinian minority and Jewish majority citizens of Israel during lockdown due to COVID-19. The study examines the association between COVID-19-related stress and psychological distress, and the moderating effect of parenthood. Online questionnaires, completed by 1934 participants (1391 Jews, 552 Palestinians; 1306 parents, 637 without children; 54.

The Effects of Parental Intervention on Sleep Patterns and Electronic Media Exposure in Young Adolescents.

Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a parent-focused intervention aimed at the promotion of healthy sleep patterns and controlled exposure to electronic media (EM) in young adolescents. Participants: The sample included 70 dyads of parents (68 mothers and 2 fathers) and adolescents. Intervention and control groups each consisted of 35 young adolescents with a mean age of 10.

The Association Between Men's Mental Health During COVID-19 and Deterioration in Economic Status.

This study investigated associations among economic status deterioration, mental health, and gender during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 1,807 participants completed an online questionnaire that included demographic variables and questions measuring three mental health variables: psychological distress (as measured by symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress), adjustment disorder, and emotional eating. Results indicated that women reported higher mental health impairment than men.

Increased physical activity improves gut microbiota composition and reduces short-chain fatty acid concentrations in older adults with insomnia.

Physical activity (PA) can improve functional abilities, well-being, and independence in older adults with insomnia. Studies have shown that PA may be linked to changes in the gut microbiota composition and its metabolites' concentrations. This association among older adults with insomnia, however, is yet to be determined.

The Association between Lifestyle Changes and Psychological Distress during COVID-19 Lockdown: The Moderating Role of COVID-Related Stressors.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying circumstances (lockdown and social distancing) have been found to cause lifestyle habit changes. While negative changes (adopting risky behaviors) are known to be associated with high psychological distress, the effect of positive changes (adopting health-enhancing behaviors) has yet to be investigated. This study examined the association between the nature of changes and psychological distress, in addition to the moderating effect of "COVID-related stressors".

The effects of sleep deprivation on the processing of emotional facial expressions in young adults with and without ADHD.

The ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions is essential to the development of complex social cognition behaviors, and impairments in this ability are associated with poor social competence. This study aimed to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on the processing of emotional facial expressions and nonfacial stimuli in young adults with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thirty-five men (mean age 25.

Why Do They Fall? The Impact of Insomnia on Gait of Older Adults: A Case-Control Study.

Study Objectives: To compare gait and cognitive performance conducted separately as a single- (ST) and simultaneously as a dual-task (DT), ie, when a cognitive task was added, among community-dwelling older adults with and without insomnia.

Methods: Participants included: 39 (28 females) community-dwelling older adults with insomnia, 34 (21 females) controls without insomnia. Subject groups were matched for age, gender, and education.

Maternal sleep related cognitions and child sleep quality: a cross-cultural comparison between the Arab and Jewish societies in Israel.

Objectives: To examine differences in maternal sleep-related cognitions and to explore the associations between those cognitions and reported child sleep quality in a sample of mothers of young children, from two major cultural groups in Israel: Arab and Jewish.

Method: Mothers of 497 healthy, typically developing infants and toddler ranging in age from 3-36 months, participated in the study: 253 of the mothers were Arab and 244 were Jewish. Mothers completed the Maternal Cognitions about Infant Sleep Questionnaire, and the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.

Associations between fecal short-chain fatty acids and sleep continuity in older adults with insomnia symptoms.

Insomnia is a disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep and poor sleep continuity and is associated with increased risks for physical and cognitive decline. Insomnia with short sleep duration is considered the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Evidence suggests that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main byproducts of fiber fermentation in the gut, may affect sleep via gut-brain communications.

Maternal perceptions of sleep problems among children and mothers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Israel.

Despite the marked impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the life of families and its possible negative implications for sleep, little is known about how sleep among parents and children has been impacted by this current crisis. In the present study, we addressed, for the first time, possible consequences of the COVID-19 crisis and home confinement on maternal anxiety, maternal insomnia, and maternal reports of sleep problems among children aged 6-72 months in Israel (N = 264). Our results revealed a high frequency of maternal clinical insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic: 23% during the pandemic, compared to only 11% before the pandemic (retrospective reports about 1-2 months before the pandemic).

Sleep ecology and sleep patterns among infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison between the Arab and Jewish societies in Israel.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in reported sleep patterns (eg, sleep onset, nocturnal sleep duration, nocturnal wakefulness) and aspects of sleep ecology (eg, sleeping arrangements), in a sample of young children, between two cultural groups in Israel: Arab and Jewish.

Method: Mothers of 497 healthy, typically developing infants and toddlers, ranging in age from 3 to 36 months, participated in the study: 253 of the mothers were Arab and 244 were Jewish. The mothers were asked to complete the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire - a well-validated questionnaire of early childhood sleep patterns.

The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Continuous Performance Task Among Young Men With ADHD.

To identify the impact of sleep deprivation on functioning of young adults with or without ADHD on a continuous performance attention task. Thirty-four men ( age = 25.38) with ( = 16) or without ( = 18) ADHD completed a continuous performance task before and after 25 hr of sustained wakefulness in a controlled environment.

The Sleepiness Curve of Young Men With and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

: The present study aimed at comparing the sleepiness curve of young men with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to that of young men without ADHD before, during, and after a night of sleep deprivation. : Thirty young men (age 18-30) of whom 14 were diagnosed with ADHD combined type (ADHD-C) and 16 without ADHD. : The participants' sleep was monitored for 5 days via actigraphy.

The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Recognition of Ambiguous Emotional Facial Expressions in Individuals With ADHD.

The present study sought to investigate whether young adults with ADHD have more difficulty recognizing emotional facial expressions compared with young adults without ADHD, and whether such a difference worsens following sleep deprivation. Thirty-one young men ( = 25.6) with ( = 15) or without ( = 16) a diagnosis of ADHD were included in this study.