Cancer vaccines: platforms and current progress.

Cancer vaccines, crucial in the immunotherapeutic landscape, are bifurcated into preventive and therapeutic types, both integral to combating oncogenesis. Preventive cancer vaccines, like those against HPV and HBV, reduce the incidence of virus-associated cancers, while therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to activate dendritic cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes for durable anti-tumor immunity. Recent advancements in vaccine platforms, such as synthetic peptides, mRNA, DNA, cellular, and nano-vaccines, have enhanced antigen presentation and immune activation.

Pathogenesis and Systemic treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Prospects.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the major threats to human health worldwide. The emergence of systemic therapeutic options have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with HCC, particularly those with advanced stages of the disease. In this review, we discussed the pathogenesis of HCC, genetic alterations associated with the development of HCC, and alterations in the tumor immune microenvironment.

Nanoparticles as a Novel Platform for Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis and Therapy.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health issue with high mortality and morbidity rates. With the advances in nanotechnology, nanoparticles are receiving increasing attention in diagnosing and treating CVD. Previous studies have explored the use of nanoparticles in noninvasive diagnostic technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.

Promising first-line immuno-combination therapies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background And Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death all over the world, and brings a heavy social economic burden especially in China. Several immuno-combination therapies have shown promising efficacy in the first-line treatment of unresectable HCC and are widely used in clinical practice. Nevertheless, which combination is the most affordable one is unknown.

Dramatic response and acquired resistance to savolitinib in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with MET amplification: a case report and literature review.

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive disease with limited treatment options. Despite substantial efforts to explore better regimens, gemcitabine-based chemotherapy has been the standard first-line treatment for decades. With the growing field of precision medicine, biomarker-guided treatments are gaining popularity.

Th17-inducing dendritic cell vaccines stimulate effective CD4 T cell-dependent antitumor immunity in ovarian cancer that overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint blockade.

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC), a highly lethal cancer in women, has a 48% 5-year overall survival rate. Prior studies link the presence of IL-17 and Th17 T cells in the tumor microenvironment to improved survival in OC patients. To determine if Th17-inducing vaccines are therapeutically effective in OC, we created a murine model of Th17-inducing dendritic cell (DC) (Th17-DC) vaccination generated by stimulating IL-15 while blocking p38 MAPK in bone marrow-derived DCs, followed by antigen pulsing.

Signalling in pancreatic cancer: from pathways to therapy.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a common malignant tumour in the digestive system. Due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic markers, strong metastasis ability, and resistance to anti-cancer drugs, the prognosis of PC is inferior. In the past decades, increasing evidence has indicated that the development of PC is closely related to various signalling pathways.

Optimized CAR-T therapy based on spatiotemporal changes and chemotactic mechanisms of MDSCs induced by hypofractionated radiotherapy.

Poor intratumoral infiltration is the major challenge for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in solid tumors. Hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) has been reported to induce immune cell infiltration and reshape the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we showed that HFRT (5 × 5 Gy) mediated an early accumulation of intratumoral myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and decreased infiltration of T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of immunocompetent mice bearing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) or colon cancer, which was further confirmed in tumors from patients.

Mechanisms of drug resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the form of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 have become the frontier of cancer treatment and successfully prolonged the survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). But the efficacy varies among different patient population, and many patients succumb to disease progression after an initial response to ICIs. Current research highlights the heterogeneity of resistance mechanisms and the critical role of tumor microenvironment (TME) in ICIs resistance.

A PD-L1-targeting chimeric switch receptor enhances efficacy of CAR-T cell for pleural and peritoneal metastasis.

Pleural and peritoneal metastasis accompanied by malignant pleural effusion (MPE) or malignant ascites (MA) is frequent in patients with advanced solid tumors that originate from the lung, breast, gastrointestinal tract and ovary. Regional delivery of CAR-T cells represents a new strategy to control tumor dissemination in serous cavities. However, malignant effusions constitute an immune-suppressive environment that potentially induces CAR-T cell dysfunction.

Identification pyroptosis-related gene signature to predict prognosis and associated regulation axis in colon cancer.

Pyroptosis is an important component of the tumor microenvironment and associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. As the expression of pyroptosis-related genes and its impact on the prognosis of colon cancer (CC) remains unclear, we constructed and validated a pyroptosis-related genes signature to predict the prognosis of patients with CC. Microarray datasets and the follow-up clinical information of CC patients were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases.

Genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinomas in different races.

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. Several studies, including The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) and Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC), explored the genetic alterations among different ethnic groups. However, minority groups are often under-represented in these relevant studies and the genomic alterations among racial groups are not fully understood.

Response to chemotherapy combined with anlotinib plus anlotinib maintenance in intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumors (IADSRCT): a case report and literature review.

Background: Intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumors (IADSRCT) are rare and aggressive neoplasia that are resistant to chemotherapy. Anlotinib is an oral multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that also has anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative properties. In this article, we report on a case showing effective and durable responses to chemotherapy combined with anlotinib in a young man with IADSRCT.

Integratively Genomic Analysis Reveals the Prognostic and Immunological Characteristics of Pyroptosis and Ferroptosis in Pancreatic Cancer for Precision Immunotherapy.

The non-apoptotic cell death processes including pyroptosis and ferroptosis have been implicated in the progression and therapeutic responses of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). However, the extent to which pyroptosis and ferroptosis influence tumor biology remains ambiguous, especially in PAAD, which is characterized with "cold" immunity. Considering the heterogeneity among different patients, it was more practical to quantify distinct cell death profiles in an individual tumor sample.

Survival of Black and White Patients With Stage IV Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is associated with aggressive biology and limited treatment options, making this disease a historical challenge. The influence of race and socioeconomic status on the survival of stage IV SCLC remains mostly unknown. Our study is designed to investigate the clinical survival outcomes in Black and White patients with stage IV SCLC and study the demographic, socioeconomic, clinical features, and treatment patterns of the disease and their impact on survival in Blacks and Whites.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Fourth- or Further-Line Ripretinib in Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.

Background: The INVICTUS trial assessed the efficacy and safety of ripretinib compared with placebo in the management of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Method: We used a Markov model with three health states: progression-free disease, progression disease and death. We parameterized the model from time-to-event data (progression-free survival, overall survival) of ripretinib and placebo arms in the INVICTUS trial and extrapolated to a patient's lifetime horizon.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of First-Line Nivolumab Plus Cabozantinib for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma in the United States.

Introduction: Nivolumab plus cabozantinib improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared with sunitinib in the first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) according to CheckMate 9ER study.

Methods: A Markov model was developed to compare the costs and effectiveness of nivolumab plus cabozantinib with those of sunitinib in the first-line treatment of advanced RCC. Primary outcomes were costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).

Comprehensive analysis of EMT-related genes and lncRNAs in the prognosis, immunity, and drug treatment of colorectal cancer.

Background: EMT is an important biological process in the mechanism of tumor invasion and metastasis. However, there are still many unknowns about the specific mechanism of EMT in tumor. At present, a comprehensive analysis of EMT-related genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still lacking.

The role of non-apoptotic cell death in the treatment and drug-resistance of digestive tumors.

Tumor cell apoptosis evasion is one of the main reasons for easy metastasis occurrence, chemotherapy resistance, and the low five-year survival rate of digestive system tumors. Current research has shown that non-apoptotic cell death plays an important role in tumors of the digestive system. Therefore, increasing the proportion of non-apoptotic tumor cells is one of the effective methods of improving therapeutic efficacies for digestive system tumors.

The Effects of Autophagy-Related Genes and lncRNAs in Therapy and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer.

Cellular autophagy plays an important role in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Whether autophagy-related genes and lncRNAs can be used as ideal markers in CRC is still controversial. The purpose of this study is to identify novel treatment and prognosis markers of CRC.

Atezolizumab and bevacizumab combination compared with sorafenib as the first-line systemic treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A cost-effectiveness analysis in China and the United states.

Background & Aims: In patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival compared with sorafenib in the IMbrave150 trial. However, whether the price of the combination could be affordable is unknown. The current study assessed the cost-effectiveness of the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab as first-line systemic therapy for patients with unresectable HCC from the Chinese and American payers' perspective.

Association of Race, Socioeconomic Factors, and Treatment Characteristics With Overall Survival in Patients With Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Importance: It has been established that disparities in race and socioeconomic status are associated with outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer. However, it remains unknown whether this extends to stage I, II, or III small cell lung cancer (SCLC), or limited-stage SCLC (L-SCLC).

Objective: To investigate the associations of race, socioeconomic factors, and treatment characteristics with survival among patients with L-SCLC.

Emerging therapeutic agents for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, with a poor prognosis and no known cure. Survival time is often short because of limited treatment options. Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have changed the landscape for the treatment of advanced NSCLC.