Irisin alters D-galactose-induced apoptosis by increasing caveolin-1 expression in C2C12 myoblasts and skeletal muscle fibroblasts.

Muscle atrophy and skeletal muscle fibrosis are significant pathological manifestations of primary sarcopenia. The regulation of C2C12 myoblast and skeletal muscle fibroblast apoptosis is associated with these pathological changes. Previous studies have indicated that irisin, the cleaved form of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), can alleviate primary sarcopenia.

Assessing the Role of BN-Embedding Position in BN-Perylenes.

Incorporating heteroatoms can effectively modulate the molecular optoelectronic properties. However, the fundamental understanding of BN doping effects in BN-embedded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is underexplored, lacking rational guidelines to modulate the electronic structures through BN units for advanced materials. Herein, a concise synthesis of novel BN-perylenes with BN doped at the bay area is achieved to systematically explore the doping effect of BN position on the photophysical properties of PAHs.

Disorder-tuned conductivity in amorphous monolayer carbon.

Correlating atomic configurations-specifically, degree of disorder (DOD)-of an amorphous solid with properties is a long-standing riddle in materials science and condensed matter physics, owing to difficulties in determining precise atomic positions in 3D structures. To this end, 2D systems provide insight to the puzzle by allowing straightforward imaging of all atoms. Direct imaging of amorphous monolayer carbon (AMC) grown by laser-assisted depositions has resolved atomic configurations, supporting the modern crystallite view of vitreous solids over random network theory.

Irisin ameliorates D-galactose-induced skeletal muscle fibrosis via the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Primary sarcopenia is a multicausal skeletal muscle disease associated with muscle strength and mass loss. Skeletal muscle fibrosis is one of the significant pathological manifestations associated with the development of age-related sarcopenia. Irisin, which is cleaved by the extracellular domain of fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), has previously been reported to exert antifibrotic effects on the heart, liver, and pancreas, but whether it can rescue skeletal muscle fibrosis remains unknown.

"Spine Surgery" of Perylene Diimides with Covalent B-N Bonds toward Electron-Deficient BN-Embedded Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

BN-embedded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with unique optoelectronic properties are underdeveloped relative to their carbonaceous counterparts due to the lack of suitable and facile synthetic methods. Moreover, the dearth of electron-deficient BN-embedded PAHs further hinders their application in organic electronics. Here we present the first facile synthesis of novel perylene diimide derivatives (BN-PDIs) featuring n-type B-N covalent bonds.

Parent B N -Perylenes with Different BN Orientations.

Introducing BN units into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons expands the chemical space of conjugated materials with novel properties. However, it is challenging to achieve accurate synthesis of BN-PAHs with specific BN positions and orientations. Here, three new parent B N -perylenes with different BN orientations are synthesized with BN-naphthalene as the building block, providing systematic insight into the effects of BN incorporation with different orientations on the structure, (anti)aromaticity, crystal packing and photophysical properties.

Beyond Perovskite Solar Cells: Tellurium Iodide as a Promising Light-Absorbing Material for Solution-Processed Photovoltaic Application.

Searching new light-absorbing materials to replace toxic lead halide in solar cells is very important and highly desirable. In this research, we firstly demonstrated that tellurium iodide (TeI ) could be used as a light-absorbing material in solar cells due to its suitable optical band gap and the active lone-pair electron orbital in Te . The best power conversion efficiency (PCE=3.

Imide-Fused Diazatetracenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Perovskite Solar Cells.

A series of imide-fused diazatetracenes were synthesized via Buchwald-Hartwig C-N coupling with a highly active palladium source. The introduction of an imide segment effectively lowers the LUMO levels compared with that of unsubstituted diazatetracene. By adjusting the alkyl chains of the diazatetracenes, different solid-state packings were achieved, resulting in distinct photoluminescent behaviors.

Tunable low-dimensional self-assembly of H-shaped bichromophoric perylenediimide Gemini in solution.

A material with diverse self-assembled morphologies is extremely important and highly desirable because such samples can provide tunable optical and electronic properties, which are critical in applications such as organic photovoltaics, microelectronics and bio-imaging. Moreover, the synthesis and controllable self-assembly of H-shaped bichromophoric perylenediimides (PDIs) are needed to advance these materials in organic photovoltaics, microelectronics and bio-imaging; however, this has remained a great challenge thus far. Here, we successfully synthesize a novel H-shaped bichromophoric PDI Gemini through the palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction.

U-Shaped Helical Azaarenes: Synthesis, Structures, and Properties.

The synthesis and properties of a series of U-shaped helical azaarenes are reported. Crystal structures of these helical azaarenes were obtained, and the solid-state structures unequivocally exhibited their helicity.

Influences of Structural Modification of Naphthalenediimides with Benzothiazole on Organic Field-Effect Transistor and Non-Fullerene Perovskite Solar Cell Characteristics.

Developing air-stable high-performance small organic molecule-based n-type and ambipolar organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is very important and highly desirable. In this investigation, we designed and synthesized two naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives (NDI-BTH1 and NDI-BTH2) and found that introduction of 2-(benzo[]thiazol-2-yl) acetonitrile groups at the NDI core position gave the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO; -4.326 eV) and displayed strong electron affinities, suggesting that NDI-BTH1 might be a promising electron-transporting material (i.

Unexpected Synthesis, Properties, and Nonvolatile Memory Device Application of Imidazole-Fused Azaacenes.

The unexpected synthesis and characterization of imidazole-fused azaacenes are presented. Their optical and electrochemical properties have been investigated and compared with these of previously reported imidazole-fused azaacenes. Application of these two imidazole-fused azaacenes in memory devices showed distinctly different resistive behaviors.

Inhibition of TLR9 attenuates skeletal muscle fibrosis in aged sarcopenic mice via the p53/SIRT1 pathway.

Sarcopenia is an age-related syndrome characterized by a gradual loss of muscle mass and function, but its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is an important pathological change in sarcopenia, and fibrosis is the most obvious manifestation of this change. We found that the expression of the immunoreceptor Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is significantly increased in skeletal muscle in aged mice and is positively related to muscle fibrosis.

Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells by Employing N-Type (D-A -D-A ) Polymers as Electron Transporting Layer.

It is highly desirable to employ n-type polymers as electron transporting layers (ETLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their good electron mobility, high hydrophobicity, and simplicity of film forming. In this research, the capability of three n-type donor-acceptor -donor-acceptor (D-A -D-A ) conjugated polymers (pBTT, pBTTz, and pSNT) is first explored as ETLs because these polymers possess electron mobilities as high as 0.92, 0.

High glucose-induced complement component 3 up-regulation via RAGE-p38MAPK-NF-κB signalling in astrocytes: In vivo and in vitro studies.

Diabetes is considered as a risk for cognitive decline, which is characterized by neurodegenerative alteration and innate immunity activation. Recently, complement 3 (C3), the critical central component of complement system, has been reported to play a key role in neurodegenerative alterations under pathological condition. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation is confirmed to mediate several inflammatory cytokines production.

Metformin attenuates diabetes-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in vitro and in vivo by enhancing autophagic clearance.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients. However, no effective approaches are available to prevent its progression and development. Recently, autophagy dysfunction was identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.

Protective Effects of Sulforaphane on Cognitive Impairments and AD-like Lesions in Diabetic Mice are Associated with the Upregulation of Nrf2 Transcription Activity.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-associated oxidative stress contributes to cognitive deficiencies and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sulforaphane (SFN) is a pharmacological activator of Nrf2 that provokes Nrf2-mediated intracellular defenses, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, under oxidative stress (OS) conditions. This study investigated the effects of SFN on DM-related cognitive decline and its potential mechanisms.

Integrated study on comparative transcriptome and skeletal muscle function in aged rats.

The present study aimed to reveal aging-related changes in the skeletal muscle of SD rats by comparing transcriptome analysis, integrated with muscle physiological parameters. Ten rats aged 25 months were set as the old group (OG) and ten rats aged 6 months were set as the young group (YG). After 6 weeks of feeding, the body mass, grip strength, and gastrocnemius muscle mass were determined, and the differentially expressed genes were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing, followed by GO enrichment analysis and KEGG analysis.

High glucose-induced defective thrombospondin-1 release from astrocytes via TLR9 activation contributes to the synaptic protein loss.

Diabetes, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, is known to induce synaptic degeneration in the brain, thereby resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Thrombospondin-1(TSP-1), the secreted protein produced by astrocytes, plays a crucial role in promoting synapse formation. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been widely known to initiate the innate immune response.

[Effect of resveratrol on forelimb grip strength and myofibril structure in aged rats].

Objective: To observe the effect of resveratrol on muscle mass, forelimb grip strength, myofibril structure and AMPK/sirt1 pathway in skeletal muscles of aged rats.

Methods: Twenty aged (25 months old) SD rats were randomly divided into aged control group and resveratrol treatment group (10 in each group) with 10 young (6 months old) rats served as the young control group. In resveratrol treatment group, the rats were treated with resveratrol (mixed in chow) for 6 weeks.

The effect of exercise, resveratrol or their combination on Sarcopenia in aged rats via regulation of AMPK/Sirt1 pathway.

Sarcopenia is an age-related syndrome characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and function. Exercise is an important strategy to prolong life and increase muscle mass, and resveratrol has been shown a variety beneficial effects on skeletal muscle. In the present study, we investigated the potential efficacy of using short-term exercise (six weeks), resveratrol (150mg/kg/day), or combined exercise+resveratrol (150mg/kg/day) on gastrocnemius muscle mass, grip strength, cross-sectional area and microscopic morphology in aged rats, and explored the potential mechanism at the apoptosis level.

High-glucose induces tau hyperphosphorylation through activation of TLR9-P38MAPK pathway.

Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. The major pathological variations include neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are caused by tau hyperphosphorylation, and senile plaques (SPs) consisting of amyloid β- protein(Aβ) deposits. In recent years, DE research studies have focused on exploring the activation of the inflammatory signaling pathway in immune cells.

Angiotensin-(1-7) administration attenuates Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes via Mas receptor activation.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with cognitive deficits and an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, a newly identified heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], was found to protect against brain damage. This study investigated the effects of Ang-(1-7) on diabetes-induced cognitive deficits.