Increased Trypanocidal Activity of the Salinomycin Derivative Ironomycin Is Due to ROS Production and Iron Uptake Impairment.

Salinomycin and its derivatives display promising anti-proliferating activity against bloodstream forms of . The mechanism of trypanocidal action of these compounds is due to their ionophoretic activity inducing an influx of sodium cations followed by osmotic water uptake, leading to massive swelling of bloodstream-form trypanosomes. Generally, higher trypanocidal activities of salinomycin derivatives are associated with higher cell swelling activities.

Microbiome diversity is a modifiable virulence factor for cryptosporidiosis.

spp. infection causes significant disease in immunosuppressed individuals and children under the age of 5 years. The severity of the pathological presentation of cryptosporidiosis is a function of the host and parasite genotypes, host immune status, and the enteric environment or microbiome of the host.

American variants of Cryptosporidium hominis: Over-sexed and over here?

A new study in this issue of Cell Host & Microbe from Huang et al. provides important insights into the global epidemiology of human-infectious Cryptosporidium and mechanisms leading to the rapid emergence and rise to dominance of new, possibly more virulent, parasite strains.

Mitochondrial RNA editing in : New tools, new revelations.

The kinetoplastids are unicellular flagellates that derive their name from the 'kinetoplast', a region within their single mitochondrion harboring its organellar genome of high DNA content, called kinetoplast (k) DNA. Some protein products of this mitochondrial genome are encoded as cryptogenes; their transcripts require editing to generate an open reading frame. This happens through RNA editing, whereby small regulatory guide (g)RNAs direct the proper insertion and deletion of one or more uridines at each editing site within specific transcript regions.

Euglena International Network (EIN): Driving euglenoid biotechnology for the benefit of a challenged world.

Euglenoids (Euglenida) are unicellular flagellates possessing exceptionally wide geographical and ecological distribution. Euglenoids combine a biotechnological potential with a unique position in the eukaryotic tree of life. In large part these microbes owe this success to diverse genetics including secondary endosymbiosis and likely additional sources of genes.

Genomic erosion in a demographically recovered bird species during conservation rescue.

The pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri) is an endemic species of Mauritius that has made a remarkable recovery after a severe population bottleneck in the 1970s to early 1990s. Prior to this bottleneck, an ex situ population was established from which captive-bred individuals were released into free-living subpopulations to increase population size and genetic variation. This conservation rescue led to rapid population recovery to 400-480 individuals, and the species was twice downlisted on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.

Global Population Genomics of Two Subspecies of Cryptosporidium hominis during 500 Years of Evolution.

Cryptosporidiosis is a major global health problem and a primary cause of diarrhea, particularly in young children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and anthroponotic Cryptosporidium hominis cause most human infections. Here, we present a comprehensive whole-genome study of C.

Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta in the Management of a Gunshot Wound and Rupture of the Uterus.

Trauma is the leading cause of non-obstetrical maternal death. A 19-year-old woman at 20 weeks' gestation was brought to the emergency room after suffering a gunshot wound to the lower abdomen. Upon arrival, she was hemodynamically stable and imaging was obtained.

Parasite-Mediated Remodeling of the Host Microfilament Cytoskeleton Enables Rapid Egress of Trypanosoma cruzi following Membrane Rupture.

Chagas' disease arises as a direct consequence of the lytic cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the mammalian host. While invasion is well studied for this pathogen, study of egress has been largely neglected. Here, we provide the first description of T.

Decolonising Parasitology: The Case of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was named after Rhodesia which, in turn, was named after the British imperialist and white supremacist Cecil Rhodes. In the light of the Black Lives Matter movement and contemporary consciousness of postcolonial legacy, it seems opportune to reconsider the subspecies name. Pros and cons of renaming T.

A new subspecies of found in the Australian terrestrial leech .

Previously, it was suggested that haemadipsid leeches represent an important vector of trypanosomes amongst native animals in Australia. Consequently, Chtonobdella bilineata leeches were investigated for the presence of trypanosome species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and in vitro isolation. Phylogenetic analysis ensued to further define the populations present.

Efficacy of halofuginone products to prevent or treat cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves: a systematic review and meta-analyses.

A prior systematic review on the efficacy of halofuginone (HFG) treatment to prevent or treat cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves was inconclusive. We undertook an updated synthesis and meta-analyses on key outcomes for the treatment of calves with HFG. Evaluated outcomes were oocyst shedding, diarrhoea, mortality and weight gain.

Systematic review of modifiable risk factors shows little evidential support for most current practices in Cryptosporidium management in bovine calves.

Cryptosporidiosis is common in young calves, causing diarrhoea, delayed growth, poor condition and excess mortality. No vaccine or cure exists, although symptomatic onset may be delayed with some chemoprophylactics. Other response and management strategies have focused on nutritional status, cleanliness and biosecurity.

Trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity of six limonoids.

Six limonoids [kotschyienone A and B (1, 2), 7-deacetylgedunin (3), 7-deacetyl-7-oxogedunin (4), andirobin (5) and methyl angolensate (6)] were investigated for their trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities using bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei and promastigotes of Leishmania major. Whereas all compounds showed anti-trypanosomal activity, only compounds 1-4 displayed anti-leishmanial activity. The 50% growth inhibition (GI) values for the trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity of the compounds ranged between 2.

Risk of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection with coexisting percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube and associated factors.

Objectives: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes and ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) are commonly placed in neurologically impaired patients. There is concern about safety of VPS coexisting with PEG tubes due to the potential for an increased risk of infection. In this study, we assess the risk of VPS infection and the amount of time between both procedures.

Multilocus Analysis Resolves the European Finch Epidemic Strain of Trichomonas gallinae and Suggests Introgression from Divergent Trichomonads.

In Europe, Trichomonas gallinae recently emerged as a cause of epidemic disease in songbirds. A clonal strain of the parasite, first found in the United Kingdom, has become the predominant strain there and spread to continental Europe. Discriminating this epidemic strain of T.

Cryptosporidium.

The protozoan Cryptosporidium is notorious for its resistance to chlorine disinfection, a mainstay of water treatment. Human infections, mainly of the small intestine, arise from consumption of faecally contaminated food or water, environmental exposure, and person-to-person or animal-to-person spread. Acute gastrointestinal symptoms can be prolonged but are usually self-limiting.

Infection in a Community of Free-Ranging Domestic and Wild Columbiformes and Bonelli's Eagle ().

gallinae is a pathogen of conservation relevance, whose main maintenance hosts are Columbiformes, but spillover to avian predators has been described. The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of spp. in a community of free-ranging domestic and wild Columbiformes and an endangered predator, Bonelli's eagle .

Improved subtyping affords better discrimination of Trichomonas gallinae strains and suggests hybrid lineages.

Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan pathogen that causes avian trichomonosis typically associated with columbids (canker) and birds of prey (frounce) that predate on them, and has recently emerged as an important cause of passerine disease. An archived panel of DNA from North American (USA) birds used initially to establish the ITS ribotypes was reanalysed using Iron hydrogenase (FeHyd) gene sequences to provide an alphanumeric subtyping scheme with improved resolution for strain discrimination. Thirteen novel subtypes of T.

Characterization of Evolutionarily Conserved NatC and NatA-N-Terminal Acetyltransferase Complexes.

Protein N-terminal acetylation is a co- and posttranslational modification, conserved among eukaryotes. It determines the functional fate of many proteins including their stability, complex formation, and subcellular localization. N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) transfer an acetyl group to the N-termini of proteins, and the major NATs in yeast and humans are NatA, NatB, and NatC.

Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium.

Human cryptosporidiosis is the leading protozoan cause of diarrhoeal mortality worldwide, and a preponderance of infections is caused by Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum. Both species consist of several subtypes with distinct geographical distributions and host preferences (that is, generalist zoonotic and specialist anthroponotic subtypes).

Anthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum predominates in countries with poorer sanitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Globally cryptosporidiosis is one of the commonest causes of mortality in children under 24 months old and may be associated with important longterm health effects. Whilst most strains of Cryptosporidium parvum are zoonotic, C. parvum IIc is almost certainly anthroponotic.