Costs and training results of an objectively validated cadaveric perfusion-based internal carotid artery injury simulation during endoscopic skull base surgery.

Background: Internal carotid artery injury (ICAI) is a rare, life-threatening complication of endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs). High-fidelity simulation methods exist, but optimization of the training cohort, training paradigm, and costs of simulation training remain unknown.

Methods: Using our previously validated, high-fidelity, perfused-cadaver model, participants attempted to manage a simulated ICAI.