A convolutional attention mapping deep neural network for classification and localization of cardiomegaly on chest X-rays.

Building a reliable and precise model for disease classification and identifying abnormal sites can provide physicians assistance in their decision-making process. Deep learning based image analysis is a promising technique for enriching the decision making process, and accordingly strengthening patient care. This work presents a convolutional attention mapping deep learning model, Cardio-XAttentionNet, to classify and localize cardiomegaly effectively.

Towards More Structure: Comparing TNM Staging Completeness and Processing Time of Text-Based Reports versus Fully Segmented and Annotated PET/CT Data of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Results of PET/CT examinations are communicated as text-based reports which are frequently not fully structured. Incomplete or missing staging information can be a significant source of staging and treatment errors. We compared standard text-based reports to a manual full 3D-segmentation-based approach with respect to TNM completeness and processing time.

Phased Array Ultrasound System for Planar Flow Mapping in Liquid Metals.

Controllable magnetic fields can be used to optimize flows in technical and industrial processes involving liquid metals in order to improve quality and yield. However, experimental studies in magnetohydrodynamics often involve complex, turbulent flows and require planar, two-component (2c) velocity measurements through only one acoustical access. We present the phased array ultrasound Doppler velocimeter as a modular research platform for flow mapping in liquid metals.

Amelioration of Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Cognitive Impairments in Mice via a Reduction in Dietary Fat Content or Infusion of Non-Diabetic Plasma.

Obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with decreased cognitive function. While weight loss and T2D remission result in improvements in metabolism and vascular function, it is less clear if these benefits extend to cognitive performance. Here, we highlight the malleable nature of MetS-associated cognitive dysfunction using a mouse model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced MetS.

Assessment of the 3 D Pore Structure and Individual Components of Preshaped Catalyst Bodies by X-Ray Imaging.

Porosity in catalyst particles is essential because it enables reactants to reach the active sites and it enables products to leave the catalyst. The engineering of composite-particle catalysts through the tuning of pore-size distribution and connectivity is hampered by the inability to visualize structure and porosity at critical-length scales. Herein, it is shown that the combination of phase-contrast X-ray microtomography and high-resolution ptychographic X-ray tomography allows the visualization and characterization of the interparticle pores at micro- and nanometer-length scales.

High-throughput phenotyping and genetic linkage of cortical bone microstructure in the mouse.

Background: Understanding cellular structure and organization, which plays an important role in biological systems ranging from mechanosensation to neural organization, is a complicated multifactorial problem depending on genetics, environmental factors, and stochastic processes. Isolating these factors necessitates the measurement and sensitive quantification of many samples in a reliable, high-throughput, unbiased manner. In this manuscript we present a pipelined approach using a fully automated framework based on Synchrotron-based X-ray Tomographic Microscopy (SRXTM) for performing a full 3D characterization of millions of substructures.

Osteocyte lacunar properties in rat cortical bone: Differences between lamellar and central bone.

Recently, the roles of osteocytes in bone maintenance have gained increasing attention. Osteocytes reside in lacunae that are interconnected by canaliculi resulting in a vast cellular network within the mineralized bone matrix. As the structure of the lacuno-canalicular network is highly connected to osteocyte function, osteocyte lacunar properties such as volume, shape, orientation, and density are now frequently reported in studies investigating osteocyte activity.

Synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography imaging and analysis of wood degraded by Physisporinus vitreus and Xylaria longipes.

Incubation of Norway spruce with Physisporinus vitreus and sycamore with Xylaria longipes results in reduction in density of these wood species that are traditionally used for the top and bottom plate of a violin, which follows by enhanced acoustic properties. We used Synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography, to study the three-dimensional structure of wood at the micro-scale level and the alterations of the density distribution after incubation with two white-rot fungi. Micro-tomography data from wood treated at different incubation periods are analyzed and compared with untreated (control) specimens to determine the wood density map and changes at the cell-wall level.

Coherent X-ray imaging: bridging the gap between atomic and micro-scale investigations.

We present a review of state-of-the art X-ray imaging techniques based on partially coherent synchrotron radiation. Full-field X-ray tomography, X-ray ptychography, scanning small-angle X-ray scattering, and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy are imaging techniques that gather structural information at spatial resolution ranging from several microns to a few tens of nanometers in both real- and reciprocal space. These methods exploit contrast mechanisms based on absorption, phase, and spectroscopic signals.

Coherent X-ray Imaging: Bridging the Gap between Atomic and Micro-scale Investigations.

We present a review of state-of-the art X-ray imaging techniques based on partially coherent synchrotron radiation. Full-field X-ray tomography, X-ray ptychography, scanning small-angle X-ray scattering, and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy are imaging techniques that gather structural information at spatial resolution ranging from several microns to a few tens of nanometers in both real- and reciprocal space. These methods exploit contrast mechanisms based on absorption, phase, and spectroscopic signals.

A quantitative framework for the 3D characterization of the osteocyte lacunar system.

Assessing the role of osteocyte lacunae and the ways in which they communicate with one another is important for determining the function and viability of bone tissue. Osteocytes are able to play a significant role in bone development and remodeling because they can receive nourishment from, interact with, and communicate with other cells. In this sense the immediate environment of an osteocyte is crucial for understanding its function.

High-throughput full-automatic synchrotron-based tomographic microscopy.

At the TOMCAT (TOmographic Microscopy and Coherent rAdiology experimenTs) beamline of the Swiss Light Source with an energy range of 8-45 keV and voxel size from 0.37 µm to 7.4 µm, full tomographic datasets are typically acquired in 5 to 10 min.