Multidimensional Healthcare Access Barriers to Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing: A Nation-Wide Panel Study in the United States From 2006 to 2020.

Background: Rising metastatic prostate cancer incidence has renewed debate regarding benefits of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. Identifying barriers to accessing screening for individuals at high risk of lethal prostate cancer may slow this rise. We examined associations of access barriers with receipt of PSA testing, stratified by sociodemographic factors.

Racial and Ethnic Variation in Receipt and Intensity of Active Surveillance for Older Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer.

Introduction: The use of active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer is increasing, and racial disparities have been identified in its implementation. We investigated differences by race and ethnicity in the utilization and intensity of AS by race and ethnicity among older men with low- and favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer, with particular focus on the integration of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) into AS protocols.

Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and Medicare fee-for-service linked database, we identified a cohort of men diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 with low- or favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Benchmarking multi-ancestry prostate cancer polygenic risk scores in a real-world cohort.

Prostate cancer is a heritable disease with ancestry-biased incidence and mortality. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) offer promising advancements in predicting disease risk, including prostate cancer. While their accuracy continues to improve, research aimed at enhancing their effectiveness within African and Asian populations remains key for equitable use.

Prostate-specific antigen testing rates in high-risk populations: results from the All of Us Research Program.

Background: Early detection of prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) remains controversial and disparities in the receipt of prostate cancer screening persist in the US. We sought to examine disparities in PSA testing rates among groups with higher prostate cancer risk and differential access to healthcare.

Methods: We identified a cohort of 37,706 males within the All of Us Research Program without a history of prostate cancer between the ages of 40 and 85 at time of enrollment (2017-2021).

Prostate cancer screening in African American men: a review of the evidence.

Background: Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in African American men, yet prostate cancer screening regimens in this group are poorly guided by existing evidence, given underrepresentation of African American men in prostate cancer screening trials. It is critical to optimize prostate cancer screening and early detection in this high-risk group because underdiagnosis may lead to later-stage cancers at diagnosis and higher mortality while overdiagnosis may lead to unnecessary treatment.

Methods: We performed a review of the literature related to prostate cancer screening and early detection specific to African American men to summarize the existing evidence available to guide health-care practice.

Associations between Etiologic or Prognostic Tumor Tissue Markers and Neighborhood Contextual Factors in Male Health Professionals Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer.

Background: There is growing evidence that unfavorable neighborhood contexts may influence prostate cancer progression. Whether these associations may be explained in part by differences in tumor-level somatic alterations remain unclear.

Methods: Data on tumor markers (PTEN, p53, ERG, and SPINK1) were obtained from 1,157 participants with prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.

Association of body mass index and inflammatory dietary pattern with breast cancer pathologic and genomic immunophenotype in the nurses' health study.

Background: Breast tumor immune infiltration is clearly associated with improved treatment response and outcomes in breast cancer. However, modifiable patient factors associated with breast cancer immune infiltrates are poorly understood. The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) offers a unique cohort to study immune gene expression in tumor and adjacent normal breast tissue, immune cell-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC), and patient exposures.

The tumor mutational landscape of BRCA2-deficient primary and metastatic prostate cancer.

Carriers of germline BRCA2 pathogenic sequence variants have elevated aggressive prostate cancer risk and are candidates for precision oncology treatments. We examined whether BRCA2-deficient (BRCA2) prostate tumors have distinct genomic alterations compared with BRCA2-intact (BRCA2) tumors. Among 2536 primary and 899 metastatic prostate tumors from the ICGC, GENIE, and TCGA databases, we identified 138 primary and 85 metastatic BRCA2 tumors.

Variation in Molecularly Defined Prostate Tumor Subtypes by Self-identified Race.

Background: Socioeconomic and health care utilization factors are major drivers of prostate cancer (PC) mortality disparities in the USA; however, tumor molecular heterogeneity may also contribute to the higher mortality among Black men.

Objective: To compare differences in PC subtype frequency and genomic aggressiveness by self-identified race.

Design Setting And Participants: Five molecular subtype classifiers were applied for 426 Black and 762 White PC patients in the Decipher Genomics Resource Information Database (GRID).

Deep Learning Image Analysis of Benign Breast Disease to Identify Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer.

Background: New biomarkers of risk may improve breast cancer (BC) risk prediction. We developed a computational pathology method to segment benign breast disease (BBD) whole slide images into epithelium, fibrous stroma, and fat. We applied our method to the BBD BC nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Studies to assess whether computer-derived tissue composition or a morphometric signature was associated with subsequent risk of BC.

Discovering novel driver mutations from pan-cancer analysis of mutational and gene expression profiles.

As the genomic profile across cancers varies from person to person, patient prognosis and treatment may differ based on the mutational signature of each tumour. Thus, it is critical to understand genomic drivers of cancer and identify potential mutational commonalities across tumors originating at diverse anatomical sites. Large-scale cancer genomics initiatives, such as TCGA, ICGC and GENIE have enabled the analysis of thousands of tumour genomes.

Racial and Ethnic Variation in PSA Testing and Prostate Cancer Incidence Following the 2012 USPSTF Recommendation.

Background: The 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation against routine prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing led to a decrease in prostate cancer screening, but the heterogeneity of its impact by race and ethnicity remains unclear.

Methods: The proportion of 40- to 74-year-old men who self-reported receiving a routine PSA test in the past year was estimated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2012-2018). Odds ratios (ORs) of undergoing screening by race and ethnicity were estimated, adjusting for healthcare-related factors.

Comparative Genomics Reveals Distinct Immune-oncologic Pathways in African American Men with Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: The role of immune-oncologic mechanisms of racial disparities in prostate cancer remains understudied. Limited research exists to evaluate the molecular underpinnings of immune differences in African American men (AAM) and European American men (EAM) prostate tumor microenvironment (TME).

Experimental Design: A total of 1,173 radiation-naïve radical prostatectomy samples with whole transcriptome data from the Decipher GRID registry were used.

Automated Quantitative Measures of Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Involution and Breast Cancer Risk.

Background: Manual qualitative and quantitative measures of terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution were previously reported to be inversely associated with breast cancer risk. We developed and applied a deep learning method to yield quantitative measures of TDLU involution in normal breast tissue. We assessed the associations of these automated measures with breast cancer risk factors and risk.

Deep learning assessment of breast terminal duct lobular unit involution: Towards automated prediction of breast cancer risk.

Terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution is the regression of milk-producing structures in the breast. Women with less TDLU involution are more likely to develop breast cancer. A major bottleneck in studying TDLU involution in large cohort studies is the need for labor-intensive manual assessment of TDLUs.

Prediagnostic 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Relation to Tumor Molecular Alterations and Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence.

Background: Although vitamin D inhibits breast tumor growth in experimental settings, the findings from population-based studies remain inconclusive. Our goals were to investigate the association between prediagnostic plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and breast cancer recurrence in prospective epidemiologic studies and to explore the molecular underpinnings linking 25(OH)D to slower progression of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS, = 659).

Methods: Plasma 25(OH)D was measured with a high-affinity protein-binding assay and a radioimmunoassay.

Integrative comparison of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape between prostate cancer patients of predominantly African or European genetic ancestry.

Men of predominantly African Ancestry (AA) have higher prostate cancer (CaP) incidence and worse survival than men of predominantly European Ancestry (EA). While socioeconomic factors drive this disparity, genomic factors may also contribute to differences in the incidence and mortality rates. To compare the prevalence of prostate tumor genomic alterations and transcriptomic profiles by patient genetic ancestry, we evaluated genomic profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) CaP cohort (n = 498).

Dose-dependent detoxication of the airborne pollutant benzene in a randomized trial of broccoli sprout beverage in Qidong, China.

Background: Airborne pollutants have collectively been classified as a known human carcinogen and, more broadly, affect the health of hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Benzene is a frequent component of air pollution, and strategies to protect individuals against unavoidable exposure to this and other airborne carcinogens could improve the public's health. Earlier clinical trials in Qidong, China, demonstrated efficacy in enhancing the detoxication of benzene using a broccoli sprout beverage.

Prognostic and predictive value of androgen receptor expression in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: results from the Breast International Group Trial 1-98.

Background: The androgen receptor (AR) is an emerging prognostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer. AR is expressed in 60-80% of breast cancers, with higher prevalence among estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors. Androgen treatment inhibits ER signaling in ER+/AR+ breast cancer cell lines, and AR expression is associated with improved survival for this subtype in epidemiologic studies.

Pre-diagnostic sex hormone levels and survival among breast cancer patients.

Purpose: Higher levels of circulating sex steroid hormones are associated with increased breast cancer risk, though their association with prognosis remains unclear. We evaluated the association between circulating sex hormone levels and breast cancer survival in two large cohorts.

Methods: We evaluated this association among 2073 breast cancer cases from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) cohorts.