Genes associated with drug resistance of first line drugs for have been identified and characterized of which three genes most commonly associated with drug resistance are chloroquine resistance transporter gene (), multidrug drug resistance gene 1 (), and Kelch protein K13 gene (). Polymorphism in these genes could be used as molecular markers for identifying drug resistant strains. Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) along with DNA sequencing is a powerful diagnostic tool that could identify these polymorphisms.
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