Fluid dynamics simulations show that facial masks can suppress the spread of COVID-19 in indoor environments.

The Coronavirus disease outbreak of 2019 has been causing significant loss of life and unprecedented economical loss throughout the world. Social distancing and face masks are widely recommended around the globe in order to protect others and prevent the spread of the virus through breathing, coughing, and sneezing. To expand the scientific underpinnings of such recommendations, we carry out high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations of unprecedented resolution and realism to elucidate the underlying physics of saliva particulate transport during human cough with and without facial masks.

The influence of demand characteristics and social desirability on clients' ratings of the therapeutic alliance.

Objective: To examine demand characteristics, social desirability on clients' rating of working alliance using the Session Rating Scale (SRS; Miller, Duncan, & Johnson, 2000).

Method: Clients (N = 102) at two sites were randomly assigned to one of three alliance feedback conditions: (a) IF--SRS completed in presence of therapist and the results discussed immediately afterward; (b) Next Session Feedback--SRS completed alone and results discussed next session; or (c) No Feedback--SRS completed alone and results not available to therapist. Clients completed the SRS for the first three sessions of treatment.