The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification: Skull Base and Cranial Vault Fractures - Level 2 and 3 Tutorial.

The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. The highest level 1 system distinguish four major anatomical units, including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94). This tutorial presents the level 2 and more detailed level 3 systems for the skull base and cranial vault units.

Endoscopic management of frontal sinus fractures.

Endoscopes have had a profound effect on nearly every surgical specialty over the past 20 years. Using endoscopic approaches, excellent visualization of the surgical site can be achieved while avoiding extensive external incisions, thus, dramatically reducing morbidity compared with traditional surgical approaches. This article outlines the state of the art with regard to the use of endoscopes for managing frontal sinus fractures, which are one of the most common fractures treated with endoscopic techniques.

Endoscopic management of frontal sinus fractures.

Endoscopes have had a profound effect on nearly every surgical specialty over the past 20 years. Using endoscopic approaches, excellent visualization of the surgical site can be achieved while avoiding extensive external incisions, thus, dramatically reducing morbidity compared with traditional surgical approaches. This article outlines the state of the art with regard to the use of endoscopes for managing frontal sinus fractures, which are one of the most common fractures treated with endoscopic techniques.