Case-control study to determine risk factors for diarrhea among children during a large outbreak in a country with a high prevalence of HIV infection.

Objectives: Between January and March of 2006, over 35 000 diarrhea cases and 532 deaths were reported among children aged <5 years in Botswana. We conducted an investigation to characterize the outbreak, identify risk factors for diarrhea, and recommend control strategies.

Methods: We enrolled children <5 years of age presenting to the emergency department between March 2 and March 20, 2006.