Phospholipid synthesis in yeast: regulation by phosphorylation.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model eukaryotic organism for the study of the regulation of phospholipid synthesis. The major phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine) are synthesized by complementary (CDP-diacylglycerol and Kennedy) pathways. The regulation of these pathways is complex and is controlled by genetic and biochemical mechanisms.

The DONALD Study. History, current status and future perspectives.

Nutrition during childhood and adolescence is an important determinant of development and health, both for the child and the later adult. In industrialised countries as well as in many countries of economic transition, emphasis has moved from combating nutrient deficiencies to research on the effects of overnutrition and food selection. Prevention of chronic diseases including obesity have become a major focus in research.

Trends in dietary intake of vitamins A, C, and E in German children and adolescents--results of the DONALD Study.

Intake of vitamins A, C, and E was evaluated and age and time trends were assessed on the basis of 3-day weighed dietary records (n = 5121) of 2- to 18-year old boys (n = 417) and girls (n = 425) enrolled in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study) 1986-2001. Intake of vitamin A remains stable over time, intake of vitamin C increases linearly, and intake of vitamin E follows a nonlinear trend. Age trends of vitamins A and C (per MJ) were nonlinear with a minimum at the beginning adolescence, while intake of vitamin E (per MJ) increased linearly.

Two approaches to derive a proposal for added sugars intake for German children and adolescents.

Objective: Intake of sugars is restricted in most international food guides. However, in recent recommendations quantified limits of added sugars intake have not been given, although deemed necessary by those who criticised the recommendations.

Design: Two approaches to derive a scientifically based quantified limit of added sugars intake for German children and adolescents are suggested.

Time trends in the consumption of dairy foods in German children and adolescents.

Objective: Examination of time trends in the consumption of dairy food and their impact on fat and calcium intakes in German children and adolescents.

Design: Dietary records from the DONALD Study (DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study).

Methods: A total of 5068 3-day weighed dietary records from 914 1 to 13-y-old children and adolescents collected between 1986 and 2001 were analysed using a mixed linear model, in which the means of the data and the covariance structure specific to the DONALD Study were modelled.

Predictors to success in outpatient training in obese children and adolescents.

Objective: The treatment of obese children and adolescents is not yet satisfactorily effective. It is not clear which participants can profit by a long-time outpatient therapy.

Design: Longitudinal, clinical intervention study based on a 1-y outpatient training programme consisting of physical exercise, nutrition course and behaviour therapy for children and their parents.

Associations between intake of added sugars and intakes of nutrients and food groups in the diets of German children and adolescents.

The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the effect of intake of added sugars on intakes of nutrients and food groups. We used a mixed linear model (PROC MIXED) to analyse data from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study (an ongoing longitudinal cohort study between infancy and adulthood). Between July 1985 and August 2001, 3 d weighed dietary records (n 4993) from 849 children and adolescents (416 male, 433 female) aged 2-18 years were collected and evaluated.

Breastfeeding promotion in non-UNICEF-certified hospitals and long-term breastfeeding success in Germany.

Aim: To assess breastfeeding practices using the World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund (WHO/UNICEF) Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding for Baby-Friendly Hospitals in unselected non-UNICEF certified German hospitals and to examine the influences of breastfeeding promotion on long-term breastfeeding success as assessed by WHO criteria.

Methods: Information on the fulfilment of the Ten Steps was collected in 177 randomly chosen maternity hospitals by a postal questionnaire. Breastfeeding duration was assessed in 1487 mothers delivering in these hospitals.

Identification of the inositol isomers present in Tetrahymena.

The inositol isomer composition of phosphoinositides, polyphosphoinositols, phosphatidylinositol-linked glycans, and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins of logarithmic phase Tetrahymena vorax was determined by GC-MS analysis of trimethylsilylimadazole derivatives. The most abundant inositol found was the myo-isomer; however, appreciable percentages of scylloinositol were present in the free inositol pool, phosphatidylinositol-linked glycan fraction, and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein fraction. Trace quantities of chiro- and neo-inositols also were present.

Long-term follow-up of overweight children: after training, after a single consultation session, and without treatment.

Background: A satisfactory treatment of childhood obesity has not yet been found. An individual consultation session is the usual practice while experts recommend an outpatient training program consisting of a combination of physical exercise, nutrition education, and behavior therapy.

Methods: We analyzed degree of overweight (SDS-BMI) after one and two years in overweight children (aged 6-15 years) who had had a single consultation session (n = 66) and who had finished a one-year, structured outpatient training program consisting of physical exercise, nutrition education, and behavior therapy (n = 81).

Tumor-suppressing pathways in cystic pancreatic tumors.

Introduction And Aims: Serous and mucinous cystic pancreatic tumors have different clinical behavior. We evaluated whether they also have genotypic differences by analyses of the tumor suppressor genes, p16INK4a, p53, and DPC4.

Methodology: Seven serous cystadenomas (SCA) and seven malignant mucinous cystadenocarcinomas (MCC) were analyzed for alterations in the tumor suppressor genes p16INK4a, p53, and DPC4 by single-strand conformational variant analysis, direct sequencing, and immunohistochemical analysis.

Measured consumption of tap water in German infants and young children as background for potential health risk assessments: data of the DONALD Study.

Contaminated tap water can become a health risk, e.g. by metals or environmental pollution particularly for sensitive population groups such as infants and young children.

Fortification masks nutrient dilution due to added sugars in the diet of children and adolescents.

High intakes of added sugars have often been suspected of lowering nutrient density, especially in the diet of children and adolescents. Because fortified foods, which currently contribute considerably to the intake of vitamins and minerals, are often also sweetened with added sugars, they could counteract this nutrient dilution. Data from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD)-Study were used to assess the effects of added sugars, fortified food and energy intakes, time and age on nutrient densities.

Assessment of breast-feeding promotion in hospitals and follow-up survey of mother-infant pairs in Germany: the SuSe Study.

Objective: To assess breast-feeding promotion in maternity hospitals and breast-feeding prevalences during the first year of life in mother-infant pairs in Germany.

Design: Cross-sectional assessment of breast-feeding practices in a random sample of German maternity hospitals by use of a postal questionnaire. Follow-up of mother-infant pairs recruited in the participating hospitals to assess breast-feeding prevalences and infant feeding practices by use of a telephone interview 14 days after birth and food-frequency questionnaires mailed at the end of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 9th and 12th month of life.

Fifteen-year time trends in energy and macronutrient intake in German children and adolescents: results of the DONALD study.

The DONALD study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study) gives the opportunity to evaluate long-term food and nutrient intake data on the basis of 3 d weighed dietary records of infants, children and adolescents since 1985. In this paper, we examine changes in energy and macronutrient intakes (protein, fat, saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates and added sugars) of 795 2-18-year-old subjects between 1985 and 2000 (4483 records). No significant changes in intakes of energy and of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and added sugars (as % energy intake, E %) were found.

[Ambulant training programs for obese children. Criterions of comparison for the development of valid therapy recommendations].

Valid knowledge concerning structure and contents of an ambulant training program for obese children and adolescents suggested by experts is still missing. In 1999/2000, we assessed a survey based on defined criterions in the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für pädiatrische Diäthetik (APD)" and investigated the literature to cover and to compare based on defined criterions the spectrum of ambulant treatment models in Germany to advance guidelines for therapy in obese children. 13 ambulant training programs were detected.

Significance of fortified beverages in the long-term diet of German children and adolescents: 15-year results of the DONALD Study.

Fortified beverages and instant drinks are the most frequently consumed fortified products in children and adolescents in Germany. However, little is known about the contribution of these products to micronutrient intake. Between 1986 and 2000, consumption of fortified food (total and the subgroup of fortified beverages) and time trends in energy and micronutrient intake were assessed on the basis of 3 day-weighed dietary records (n = 4358) of males and females between the ages of 2 and 14 years (n = 398/408) enrolled in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study).

p16INK4a is a prognostic marker in resected ductal pancreatic cancer: an analysis of p16INK4a, p53, MDM2, an Rb.

Objective: To identify the prognostic relevance of the G1/S cell cycle regulator genes p16INK4a, p53, MDM2, and Rb in patients with resected ductal pancreatic cancer (PC).

Summary Background Data: The tumor suppressor genes p16INK4a, p53, and Rb are altered in PC in 27% to 95%, 40% to 70%, and 5%, respectively. The role of MDM2 is not clearly defined in PC.

Duration of breastfeeding and associated factors in Western and Eastern Germany.

Unlabelled: Ten years after the German political reunification, specific lifestyle habits still vary between the former Western (FRG) and Eastern (GDR) sectors of Germany. We have analysed data from the first nationwide SuSe Study on breastfeeding 1997-1998 (n = 1593 healthy, term German infants) stratified in a Western (80.3%) and Eastern (19.

Fifteen year trends in water intake in German children and adolescents: results of the DONALD Study. Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study.

Unlabelled: Water intake was evaluated and time trends in water intake and beverage consumption were assessed on the basis of 3 d weighed dietary records (n = 3,736) of 2-13-y-old males (n = 354) and females (n = 379) enrolled in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study, 1985-1999). Total water intake increased with age from 1,114 g d(-1) in the 2-3-y-olds to 1,363 g d(-1) in the 4-8-y-olds and further to 1,801 g d(-1) (1,676 g d(-1)) in the 9-13-y-old boys (girls); 33-38% came from food, 49-55% from beverages and 12-13% from oxidation. Total water intake per body weight decreased with age from 77.

Changes in time-trends of nutrient intake from fortified and non-fortified food in German children and adolescents--15 year results of the DONALD study. Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study.

Background: Although fortified products have played an increasing role in food marketing since the 1980s in Germany, data as to the consumption of fortified food is sparse.

Aim Of The Study: To assess long-term data on changes in fortified food supply or consumption patterns, nutrient intake, and time trends in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study).

Methods: Between 1985 and 2000 consumption of nutrient intake (total and from fortified foods) was evaluated and time trends in energy and nutrient intake were assessed on the basis of 3-day weighed dietary records (n = 4193) of 2-14 year-old males (n = 383) and females (n = 404) enrolled in the DONALD Study.

Tumor suppressor genes in the 9p21 gene cluster are selective targets of inactivation in neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors.

Functional inactivation of the Rb and p53 pathways appears to be a rite of passage for all cancerous cells. However, p53 and Rb alterations are rare events in neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors. The CDKN2 locus on chromosome 9p21 sits at the nexus of both pathways harboring tumor suppressor genes, which restrain cell growth by affecting the function of pRb and p53.