Infant body composition relationship to maternal adipokines and fat mass: the PONCH study.

Background: Infant adiposity is linked to both high maternal fat mass (FM) and excessive gestational FM gain, whereas the association with maternal adipokines is less clear. The aim was to determine how levels of maternal leptin, the soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), adiponectin, and FM during pregnancy were linked to infant FM in normal-weight (NW) women and women with obesity (OB).

Methods: Body composition and serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and sOB-R were determined three times during pregnancy in 80 NW and 46 OB women.

A new type of pubertal height reference based on growth aligned for onset of pubertal growth.

Objectives Growth references of today traditionally describe growth in relation to chronological age. Despite the broad variation in age of pubertal maturation, references related to biological age are lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we aimed to develop a new type of pubertal height reference for improved growth evaluation during puberty, considering individual variation in pubertal timing.

Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus affect body composition through infancy: the PONCH study.

Background: To determine how maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affect infant body size and body composition during the first year of life.

Methods: Eighty three normal-weight (NW) women, 26 obese (OB) women, and 26 women with GDM were recruited during pregnancy. Infant body composition was determined by air-displacement plethysmography at 1 and 12 weeks, and anthropometric measurements made until 1 year of age.