Evaluating Workforce Mental Health and Well-Being: A Review of Assessments.

Objective: Given the importance of mental health and well-being assessments to employers' efforts to optimize employee health and well-being, this paper reviews mental health assessments that have utility in the workplace.

Data Source: A review of publicly available mental health and well-being assessments was conducted with a primary focus on burnout, general mental health and well-being, loneliness, psychological safety, resilience, and stress.

Inclusion Criteria: Assessments had to be validated for adult populations; available in English as a stand-alone tool; have utility in an employer setting; and not have a primary purpose of diagnosing a mental health condition.

Examining relationships between multiple health risk behaviors, well-being, and productivity.

Traditionally, the concept of health promotion has emphasized the reduction of health risk behaviors to reduce disease and impairment. Well-being research expands this focus to include positive constructs such as thriving, productivity, life-evaluation, and emotional and physical health. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationships between health risk behaviors and specific measures of individual well-being.

Randomized trial outcomes of a TTM-tailored condom use and smoking intervention in urban adolescent females.

Smoking and sexual risk behaviors in urban adolescent females are prevalent and problematic. Family planning clinics reach those who are at most risk. This randomized effectiveness trial evaluated a transtheoretical model (TTM)-tailored intervention to increase condom use and decrease smoking.

The Functional Well-Being Scale: a measure of functioning loss due to well-being-related barriers.

The objective of this study was to develop the Pro-Change Functional Well-Being Scale, a measure that provides an informative evaluation of general functioning loss due to well-being-related barriers. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses on data from 642 individuals supported a one-factor solution with good model fit. A strong positive correlation existed between the Pro-Change Functional Well-Being Scale and Well-Being Assessment for Productivity.

Results of a transtheoretical model-based alcohol, tobacco and other drug intervention in middle schools.

Background: Early use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs threatens the physical and mental well-being of students and continued use negatively affects many areas of development. An internet-based, tailored intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change was delivered to middle school students to reduce alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. This internet-based approach requires very little faculty and staff time, which is efficient given curricular demands.

Enhancing multiple domains of well-being by decreasing multiple health risk behaviors: a randomized clinical trial.

Tailored behavior change programs have proven effective at decreasing health risk factors, but the impact of such programs on participant well-being has not been tested. This randomized trial evaluated the impact of tailored telephone coaching and Internet interventions on health risk behaviors and individual well-being. Exercise and stress management were the primary health risks of interest; improvements in other health risk behaviors were secondary outcomes.

A computerized, tailored intervention to address behaviors associated with PTSD in veterans: rationale and design of STR(2)IVE.

Combat exposure among military personnel results in increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression, substance use, and related health risks. PTSD symptoms require innovative approaches to promote effective coping postdeployment. PTSD's nature and scope requires an approach capable of integrating multiple health risks while reaching large populations.

The well-being assessment for productivity: a well-being approach to presenteeism.

Objective: To develop a presenteeism assessment, the Well-Being Assessment for Productivity (WBA-P), that provides an informative evaluation of job performance loss due to well-being related barriers.

Method: The WBA-P was developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using survey data from 1827 employed individuals. Evidence of criterion-related validity was established using multivariate analysis of variance across measures of health and well-being.

Proactive health consumerism: an important new tool for worksite health promotion.

Consumerism in health care has taken on the form of a major innovation among employers and health plans. Yet many of our efforts to enhance the skills and attitudes that enable consumerism have met with limited success. Proactive Health Consumerism is proposed as an approach that utilizes many of the hard-won lessons from health promotion research.

Informing school sex education using the stages of change construct: sexual behaviour and attitudes towards sexual activity and condom use of children aged 13-16 in England.

A survey of 3820 school children in England aged 13-16 years examined sexual activity using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Stages of Change. A quarter (26%) of teens were sexually experienced, 44.8 per cent did not use contraception and 48.

Efficacy and effectiveness trials: examples from smoking cessation and bullying prevention.

If health psychology is to maximize impacts on health, there will need to be a shift from relying primarily on efficacy trials to increasing reliance on effectiveness trials. Efficacy trials use homogeneous, highly motivated samples with minimal complications from a single setting receiving intensive treatments delivered under highly controlled conditions. Two effectiveness trials on bullying prevention illustrate the use of a heterogeneous population from multiple sites receiving a low intensity tailored treatment delivered under highly variable conditions.

A randomized clinical trial of a population- and transtheoretical model-based stress-management intervention.

Stress has been associated with a variety of chronic and acute conditions and with higher use of health care services. This research reports on 18-month outcomes of a randomized clinical trial of a stress-management program based on the transtheoretical model (TTM; J. O.

eHealth promotion: the use of the Internet for health promotion.

The use of the Internet for health promotion is explored in this edition including growth trends, general applicability, and evaluation strategies for online interventions. This article examines the range of preliminary studies of eHealth Promotion interventions and their summary results, and reviews potential evaluation tools and their use in online programming. Also assessed is their utility in population-based programming and review-selected implications for the field.

Prevention profiles: Understanding youth who do not use substances.

This study replicates innovative profiles of prevention among students not using substances but who may be at different risks for acquisition. Using the Transtheoretical Model constructs of Decisional Balance and Temptations, cluster analyses were performed on four independent samples of students (n=1240) in the USA, England and Israel. For each sample, the same four distinct profiles emerged.

Online health behavior and disease management programs: are we ready for them? Are they ready for us?

Advancing the science and practice of health promotion and disease management on the Internet requires a systematic program of research examining the population impact of such programs. With impact described as the combination of effectiveness and participation, such research needs to include the examination of the quality and effectiveness of programs that are available to the general public, as well as descriptive and predictive knowledge about population readiness to participate in such programs. There have been few studies examining the quality of interactive health behavior change (HBC) programs on the Internet, and even fewer investigations of the effectiveness of such programs.

Assessing stage of change and informed decision making for Internet participation in health promotion and disease management.

The Internet is a potentially powerful source of low- or no-cost programs through which individuals can be guided in changing their behavior to improve health. Using the Transtheoretical Model and survey methodology, the authors sought to produce reliable and valid instruments for assessing "stage of change" and "informed decision making," and to generate cross-sectional and longitudinal stage-of-change data for a sample of Internet users, as they apply to Internet use for health promotion and disease management. They found that only 24.

Strengths and weaknesses of health behavior change programs on the internet.

Full reviews were conducted on 37 public websites on health behavior change for disease prevention and management. All had at least four of five of the `5A's for effective health behavior change treatment on the Internet' (advise, assess, assist, anticipatory guidance and arrange follow-up) that are assumed to be minimum criteria for a program to have the potential for producing behavior change. The strength of these 37 programs included: rationales provided for assessments; privacy and confidentiality protections; some form of feedback provided; and some form of interactivity.

Development of review criteria to evaluate health behavior change websites.

A growing number of major health care organizations, such as the American Heart Association and the Mayo Clinic, are investing considerable resources in developing and marketing Internet-based programs for health promotion and disease management. These programs have the potential to provide some of the best-tailored interventions in behavior change science at relatively low costs. This report discusses review criteria developed in order to conduct a systematic evaluation of Internet programs for preventive behaviors (alcohol, diet, exercise and smoking) and disease management (pediatric asthma, depression and diabetes.