Motives underlying smoking in college students with ADHD.

Background: The positive association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and smoking in youth has been well documented. Less research has examined why individuals with ADHD, particularly college students, are at increased risk for smoking.

Objectives: This longitudinal study examined whether smoking motives [cognitive enhancement, tolerance, negative reinforcement (smoking to reduce negative affect or stress), craving, social influences, and weight control] helped to explain the relation between ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) and cigarette smoking among college students.

Do ADHD symptoms moderate the relation between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol-related outcomes?

Research indicates that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be a risk factor for heavy alcohol use and related problems. Research also suggests that positive alcohol expectancies (i.e.