Determination of complete mitochondrial genome sequence from the holotype of the southern Mandarin dogfish Cirrhigaleus australis (Elasmobranchii: Squalidae).

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence from the holotype of the southern Mandarin dogfish Cirrhigaleus australis. It has a length of 16,543 bp and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 1 control region. The gene composition and genome organization is similar to most other vertebrates.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the blacknose shark Carcharhinus acronotus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhinidae).

The complete mitochondrial genome of the blacknose shark Carcharhinus acronotus has been determined in this work. It has a length of 16,719 bp and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 1 control region. The gene composition and genome organization was similar to other vertebrates.

Phylogenetics of Chondrichthyes and the problem of rooting phylogenies with distant outgroups.

Erroneous estimates of ingroup relationships can be caused by attributes in the outgroup chosen to root the tree. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences frequently yield incorrect estimates of ingroup relationships when the outgroup used to "root" the tree is highly divergent from the ingroup. This is especially the case when the outgroup has a different base composition than the ingroup.