Racial differences in serological markers across the first year of injury in spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of a multi-center interventional study.

Study Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled study(Sygen®).

Objectives: To evaluate racial differences in serological markers in individuals with spinal cord injury(SCI) across the first year of injury.

Setting: Hospitals in North America.

Periodically Disturbing the Spatial Structure of Biofilms Can Affect the Production of an Essential Virulence Factor in .

Understanding the environmental factors that affect the production of virulence factors has major implications in evolution and medicine. While spatial structure is important in virulence factor production, observations of this relationship have occurred in undisturbed or continuously disturbed environments. However, natural environments are subject to periodic fluctuations, including changes in physical forces, which could alter the spatial structure of bacterial populations and impact virulence factor production.