Effect of Metformin Use on Vitamin B12 Deficiency Over Time (EMBER): A Real-World Evidence Database Study.

Objective: To examine the extent to which metformin increases the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency and borderline deficiency over time in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: Using the All of Us database, adults aged ≥18 years with T2DM and a documented history of metformin use were included for the evaluation of B12 deficiency. Those with B12 deficiency before metformin use were excluded.

Using machine learning to develop a clinical prediction model for SSRI-associated bleeding: a feasibility study.

Introduction: Adverse drug events (ADEs) are associated with poor outcomes and increased costs but may be prevented with prediction tools. With the National Institute of Health All of Us (AoU) database, we employed machine learning (ML) to predict selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated bleeding.

Methods: The AoU program, beginning in 05/2018, continues to recruit ≥ 18 years old individuals across the United States.

Pharmacist-Managed Refill Service Impacts on Clinician Workload and Medication Interventions in a Federally Qualified Health Center.

Introduction: Increasing administrative workload is linked with lower quality of patient care and physician burnout. Conversely, models involving pharmacists can positively impact patient care and physician well-being. Research has consistently demonstrated that pharmacist-physician collaboration can improve outcomes for chronic diagnoses.

Sociodemographic characteristics differ across routine adult vaccine cohorts: An All of Us descriptive study.

Background: The National Institutes of Health All of Us (AoU) Research Program is currently building a database of 1million+ adult subjects. With it, we describe the characteristics of those with documented vaccinations.

Objectives: To describe the sociodemographic, health status, and lifestyle factors associated with vaccinations.

The U.S. Travel Health Pharmacists' Role in a Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era.

Many countries have enforced strict regulations on travel since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in December 2019. However, with the development of several vaccines and tests to help identify it, international travel has mostly resumed in the United States (US). Community pharmacists have long been highly accessible to the public and are capable of providing travel health services and are in an optimal position to provide COVID-19 patient care services to those who are now starting to travel again.

Health Disparities in Pharmacy Practice Within the Community: Let's Brainstorm for Solutions.

Health disparity is defined as a type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic and/or environmental disadvantage. Over the past two decades, major efforts have been undertaken to mitigate health disparities and promote health equity in the United States. Within pharmacy practice, health disparities have also been identified to play a role in influencing pharmacists' practice across various clinical settings.

Pharmacy-Based Travel Health Services in the United States.

The aim of this paper is to review pharmacy laws and regulations, pharmacist training, clinic considerations, and patient care outcomes regarding pharmacy-based travel health services in the United States. Pharmacists and pharmacies in the United States are highly visible and accessible to the public, and have long been regarded as a source for immunization services. As international travel continues to increase and grow in popularity in this country, there is a pressing need for expanded access to preventative health services, including routine and travel vaccinations, as well as medications for prophylaxis or self-treatment of conditions that may be acquired overseas.

Proposal to Reduce Adult Immunization Barriers in California.

Adult vaccination rates in the United States are consistently lower than the National Healthy People 2020 goals. Barriers to adult vaccination include inconsistency of insurance coverage of adult vaccines and difficulty in accessing vaccines. To help address the gap in adult access to vaccines, in 2016 the Department of Health Care Services--which administers the Medi-Cal program (California’s version of Medicaid)--implemented the All Plan Letter (APL) 16-009, which requires coverage of recommended adult vaccines as a pharmacy benefit.

Pharmacists' scope of practice in travel health: cregulations.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess pharmacists' authority to provide travel health services in each state and Washington, DC. Secondary objectives were to determine the need for collaborative practice agreements (CPAs), protocols, or prescriptions for this type of pharmacy practice and to identify jurisdictions where pharmacists are able to practice as travel health providers independent of CPAs or individual physician protocols.

Methods: An online survey was developed to assess pharmacists' authority to administer travel immunizations, furnish travel-related medications, and order travel-related laboratory tests.