Predictive biomarkers of response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy and bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Within the heterogeneous population of patients with bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure, there are clear differences in prognosis and therapy with regard to the timeline when bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure occurred. There are a variety of classifications which include bacillus Calmette-Guérin refractory disease, relapsing, unresponsive, and intolerant. Further profiling of these patients may help to shed light on other forms of therapy that are less radical.

Oncotic Cell Death in Stroke.

Oncotic cell death or oncosis represents a major mechanism of cell death in ischaemic stroke, occurring in many central nervous system (CNS) cell types including neurons, glia and vascular endothelial cells. In stroke, energy depletion causes ionic pump failure and disrupts ionic homeostasis. Imbalance between the influx of Na and Cl ions and the efflux of K ions through various channel proteins and transporters creates a transmembrane osmotic gradient, with ensuing movement of water into the cells, resulting in cell swelling and oncosis.

Medication use by early-stage breast cancer survivors: a 1-year longitudinal study.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to characterize the patterns of medication use by early-stage breast cancer (ESBC) survivors from diagnosis to 1 year post-chemotherapy.

Methods: A single-center longitudinal study was conducted with ESBC patients diagnosed between December 2011 and June 2014. Data on the medication use of individual patients were retrieved from prescription databases, supplemented by records from the National Electronic Health Records.

Structure-toxicity relationship and structure-activity relationship study of 2-phenylaminophenylacetic acid derived compounds.

2-Phenylaminophenylacetic acid is a widely-exploited chemical scaffold whereby notable NSAIDs such as diclofenac and lumiracoxib were derived. Yet, their clinical usage has been associated with toxicities in the liver. While some studies have attributed toxicities to the bioactivation of both drugs to reactive intermediates, the structural predisposition for toxicity, as well as relationship between this toxicity and COX inhibitory activity has not been elucidated.

The role of lateral lymph node dissection in the management of lower rectal cancer.

Introduction: Lateral lymph node involvement is a problem encountered in patients with low rectal cancers. This has been documented in both anatomical and pathological studies. Currently, the vast majority of centers have concentrated on the use of chemoradiation to obtain better local control and manage these nodes indirectly.