Anatomical morphometry for Cricothyrotomy puncture and incision.

Purpose: Emergency surgical airway securing techniques include cricothyrotomy, puncture, and incision. While the instruments used for these methods vary in size, no index of laryngeal morphology exists to guide instrument selection. Therefore, we measured the morphology of the cricothyroid ligament in Japanese individuals and assessed its correlations with height.

Etidronate down-regulates Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting NF-κB activation.

Background: Etidronate is a non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (non-NBP) used for anti-bone resorptive therapy as well as having inhibitory effects on atherosclerotic plaques. The present study examined the effects of etidronate on the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the macrophage-like cell line, J774.1, incubated with PamCys-Ser-(Lys) (PamCSK, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist) and lipid A (a TLR4 agonist).