Randomised trial of same vs opposite arm co-administration of inactivated influenza and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.

Background: The immunogenicity of current influenza vaccines need improvement. Inactivated influenza and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines can be co-administered but randomized controlled trial data is lacking on whether the two vaccines are more immunogenic if given in the same or opposite arms. Murine studies suggest mRNA vaccines can adjuvant influenza vaccines when co-formulated and delivered together.

Evaluating the accuracy of an automatic counting system to detect dispensing of hand hygiene product.

Background: Hand hygiene (HH) is an essential element of infection prevention and control programs. Direct observation of adherence to the 5 moments for HH is considered the gold standard in compliance monitoring. However, as direct observation introduces potential bias, other strategies have been proposed to supplement HH compliance data in healthcare facilities.

Blood Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Lipid Nanoparticle mRNA Vaccine in Humans.

Lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccines are an exciting but emerging technology used in humans. There is limited understanding of the factors that influence their biodistribution and immunogenicity. Antibodies to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which is on the surface of the lipid nanoparticle, are detectable in humans and boosted by human mRNA vaccination.

The effect of compression on repetitive behaviors and task participation in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Compression clothes are marketed to relieve anxiety and decrease hyperactivity in children with autism. However, few studies have examined the impact of compression for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, nine children with autism were observed during Applied Behavioral Analysis therapy sessions while wearing compression clothing.

Mucosal antibody responses following Vaxzevria vaccination.

Mucosal antibodies play a key role in protection against breakthrough COVID-19 infections and emerging viral variants. Intramuscular adenovirus-based vaccination (Vaxzevria) only weakly induces nasal IgG and IgA responses, unless vaccinees have been previously infected. However, little is known about how Vaxzevria vaccination impacts the ability of mucosal antibodies to induce Fc responses, particularly against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs).

Durable reprogramming of neutralizing antibody responses following Omicron breakthrough infection.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common with the circulation of highly immune evasive and transmissible Omicron variants. Here, we report the dynamics and durability of recalled spike-specific humoral immunity following Omicron BA.1 or BA.

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection induces rapid memory and de novo T cell responses.

Although the protective role of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 is well established, questions remain about the relative importance of cellular immunity. Using 6 pMHC multimers in a cohort with early and frequent sampling, we define the phenotype and kinetics of recalled and primary T cell responses following Delta or Omicron breakthrough infection in previously vaccinated individuals. Recall of spike-specific CD4 T cells was rapid, with cellular proliferation and extensive activation evident as early as 1 day post symptom onset.

Looked after children in prison as adults: life adversity and neurodisability.

Purpose: Looked after children (LAC) are criminalised at five times the rate of children in the general population. Children in contact with both child welfare and child justice systems have higher rates of neurodisability and substance use problems, and LAC in general have high rates of school exclusion, homelessness and unemployment. This study aims to understand whether these factors persist in LAC who are in prison as adults.

Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the highest incidence of all common neurological disorders, and poses a substantial public health burden. TBI is increasingly documented not only as an acute condition but also as a chronic disease with long-term consequences, including an increased risk of late-onset neurodegeneration. The first Commission on TBI, published in 2017, called for a concerted effort to tackle the global health problem posed by TBI.

The magnitude and timing of recalled immunity after breakthrough infection is shaped by SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 protects from infection and improves clinical outcomes in breakthrough infections, likely reflecting residual vaccine-elicited immunity and recall of immunological memory. Here, we define the early kinetics of spike-specific humoral and cellular immunity after vaccination of seropositive individuals and after Delta or Omicron breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals. Early longitudinal sampling revealed the timing and magnitude of recall, with the phenotypic activation of B cells preceding an increase in neutralizing antibody titers.

Establishment and recall of SARS-CoV-2 spike epitope-specific CD4 T cell memory.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination elicit CD4 T cell responses to the spike protein, including circulating follicular helper T (cT) cells that correlate with neutralizing antibodies. Using a novel HLA-DRB1*15:01/S tetramer to track spike-specific CD4 T cells, we show that primary infection or vaccination induces robust S-specific CXCR5 and cT cell memory responses. Secondary exposure induced recall of CD4 T cells with a transitory CXCR3 phenotype, and drove expansion of cT cells transiently expressing ICOS, CD38 and PD-1.

Tear antibodies to SARS-CoV-2: implications for transmission.

Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by aerosols, and the ocular surface may be an important route of transmission. Little is known about protective antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in tears after infection or vaccination. We analysed the SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA responses in human tears after either COVID-19 infection or vaccination.

Intra-Anal Imiquimod Cream against Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV: A Single-Arm, Open-Label Pilot Study.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV have a high prevalence and incidence of anal high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) and anal cancer. We conducted an open-label, single-arm pilot study to examine the tolerability of imiquimod cream among MSM aged ≥18 years, living with HIV, who tested positive for anal hrHPV at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between April 2018 and June 2020. We instructed men to apply 6.

Poor Parental Supervision Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury and Reactive Aggression in Young Offenders.

Objective: To establish whether poor parental supervision is associated with head injury and self-reported reactive aggression (ie, aggression in response to perceived provocation or threat) in adolescents in a Young Offender's Institute, by examining correlations between these variables. Understanding this population is important, as they are at a key pivotal age for intervention to prevent lifelong reoffending.

Methods: Ninety-six male participants aged 16 to 18 years were recruited from a UK Young Offender's Institute.

Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19.

The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Here, we show a comprehensive profile of antibody, B cell and T cell dynamics over time in a cohort of patients who have recovered from mild-moderate COVID-19. Binding and neutralising antibody responses, together with individual serum clonotypes, decay over the first 4 months post-infection.

Feasibility and Acceptability of : A Stepped-Care Program to Manage Fear of Cancer Recurrence in People with Metastatic Melanoma.

Immunotherapies and targeted therapies have revolutionised treatment of metastatic melanoma and improved survival rates. However, survivors treated with novel therapies are vulnerable to high levels of fear of cancer recurrence or progression (FCR). Existing FCR interventions have rarely been trialled in people with advanced cancer.

Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has dramatically expedited global vaccine development efforts, most targeting the viral 'spike' glycoprotein (S). S localizes on the virion surface and mediates recognition of cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Eliciting neutralizing antibodies that block S-ACE2 interaction, or indirectly prevent membrane fusion, constitute an attractive modality for vaccine-elicited protection.

Meibomian gland dropout is associated with immunodeficiency at HIV diagnosis: Implications for dry eye disease.

Aim: To characterize anterior eye health and tear film characteristics in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing anti-retroviral therapy.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 35 adults, categorized as healthy controls (n = 18) or as HIV-positive patients (n = 17), with no history of opportunistic infection or current ocular fundus abnormalities. Participants underwent a comprehensive anterior eye assessment.

Shared genome analyses of notable listeriosis outbreaks, highlighting the critical importance of epidemiological evidence, input datasets and interpretation criteria.

The persuasiveness of genomic evidence has pressured scientific agencies to supplement or replace well-established methodologies to inform public health and food safety decision-making. This study of 52 epidemiologically defined Listeria monocytogenes isolates, collected between 1981 and 2011, including nine outbreaks, was undertaken (1) to characterize their phylogenetic relationship at finished genome-level resolution, (2) to elucidate the underlying genetic diversity within an endemic subtype, CC8, and (3) to re-evaluate the genetic relationship and epidemiology of a CC8-delimited outbreak in Canada in 2008. Genomes representing Canadian Listeria outbreaks between 1981 and 2010 were closed and manually annotated.

Changes in morning salivary melatonin correlate with prefrontal responses during working memory performance.

Humans demonstrate a circadian rhythm of melatonin production that closely tracks the daily light/dark cycle, with profound increases in circulating levels during the night-time and nearly nonexistent levels during daylight hours. Although melatonin is known to play a role in preparing the brain and body for sleep, its effects on cognition and brain function are not well understood. We hypothesized that declines in morning melatonin would be associated with increased functional activation within cortical regions involved in alertness, attention, and executive function.

Should a Physician Comply with a Parent's Demands for a Forensic Exam on a 16-Year-Old Trauma Patient?

Physicians must remain vigilant about their ethical duties to patients, especially in high-stakes situations. The question raised by this case-whether a physician should comply with a parent's demand for treatment against her underage child's wishes-is not one of life or death in which a guardian might more credibly argue her judgment should stand. Given that forcing a rape kit exam on a patient who refuses to give assent could be further traumatizing, we argue that the physician should not comply.