RETRACTED: Whey protein preload enhances the active GLP-1 response and reduces circulating glucose in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

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Insulinotropic Effects of Whey: Mechanisms of Action, Recent Clinical Trials, and Clinical Applications.

Background: The insulinotropic effect of whey protein is not fully understood and has clinical implications in the regulation of chronic and acute hyperglycemia.

Summary: This review describes the composition of whey protein and potential mechanisms through which whey exerts an insulinotropic effect, including increasing the gastric emptying rate, effect on incretin hormones particularly gastric inhibitory peptide and glucagon-like polypeptide-1, and whey's role as a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Recent clinical evidence on the use of whey protein concentrate, isolate and hydrolysate in the management of type 2 diabetes and in the acute care adult population is reviewed.